3 STAGES OF MEMORY
SENSORY MEMORY Lasts 1-2 seconds and then fades Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long
SHORT-TERM MEMORY AKA: working memory Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20-30 seconds).
CAPACITY OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY 7, + or – 2 (5-9 items) George Miller
CHUNKING Organization of items into familiar or manageable units 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 1776 1492 1812 1941
INTERFERENCE Occurs when new information appears in STM and takes the place of what is already there
MEMORY EFFECTS Primacy Effect: tendency to recall the initial items in a series Recency Effect: tendency to recall the last items in a series Serial Position Effect: tendency to forget the middle items in a series
LONG-TERM MEMORY Permanent Memory Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating over and over again Elaborative Rehearsal: remembering new information by relating it to information that is already well known
3 STAGE MODEL