Culture Culture is a complex concept. Culture is a particular way of life, such as a set of skilled activities, values, and meanings surrounding a particular type of practice. Culture is a shared set of meanings that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. Culture could be values, beliefs, ideas, and practices

Concepts of Culture Cultural geography Definition: Cultural Landscape Study of people’s lifestyles, their creations, and their relationships to the Earth Looks at why and how culture is expressed in different ways and different places Involves: Material components of culture Tangible artifacts Clothing, architecture Non-material components of culture Thoughts/ ideas Religion, laws Cultural Landscape “built landscape” Physical imprint a culture makes on the environment Buildings, artwork, music Carl Sauer 20th century geographer Culture leaves “imprint” Cultural Ecology Study of human-environment interaction and its results Sequent Occupancy Theory that a place can be occupied by different groups of people, and each group leaves its imprint on the place from which the next group learns

Cultural Ecology England France Called Historical Geography H.C. Darby An isogloss is a geographical boundary that indicates the outer limit of one particular linguistic feature, such as a word’s pronunciation, spelling, or meaning. Unlike language borders, isoglosses indicate linguistic differences that can occur both within and between language regions England Called Historical Geography Defined as “geography in the past” H.C. Darby Implemented his historical approach to cultural geo and landscape by developing a geography based on the Domesday Book. Used data to reconstruct the political, social, and economic forces that shaped past landscapes France Called “genre de vie” Def: a functionally organized way of life that is seen to be characteristic of a particular cultural group Centered on livelihood practices of groups that were seen to shape physical, social, and psychological bonds. Vidal de la Blanche Emphasized need to study small, homogeneous areas to uncover relationship between people and their surroundings Cultural Ecology

Natural vs. Cultural landscape

Human-Environment Interaction Environmental Determinism Theory that human behavior is controlled (or determined) by physical environment Ex: ideal climates cause more productive citizens Egypt vs. Siberia Possibilism Counterargument to environment determinism Argues the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to a people People, not the environment, propel human development Cultural Determinism Theory that the environment places no restrictions on humans whatsoever Only restrictions are the ones humans create themselves Political Ecology Attempts to answer why human cultures interact with environments the way they do Government of a region affects the environment in that region which affects choices available to people Ex: zoning laws

Layers of a Culture Culture Traits Culture Complex Culture Systems Def: A single attribute of a culture Ex: bowing to show respect Not always unique to one group Culture Complex Combination of all culture traits creates a unique set of traits No two cultures in the world have the same culture complexes Culture Systems When many culture complexes share particular traits, those traits can merge into culture systems Ex: Germany Culture Regions Def: Region that includes places and peoples with similarities in their culture systems People in culture region often share a sense of common culture and regional identity Boundaries defined by perceptions and opinions Ex: The South Culture Realms Formed through the fusing together of culture regions that share enough in common to be merged together ex: Anglo-American realm Latin American realm Sino- Japanese realm

Culture regions: Religion

Cultural Diffusion Cultural/Spatial Diffusion Cultural diffusion: People’s material and non- material creations spread across time and space, moving to new places and being carries through generations. Cultural diffusion: Spread of people’s cultural across space Spatial diffusion: Spread of any phenomenon (such as a disease) across space Two categories of diffusion: Expansion relocation

Cultural Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Relocation Diffusion Def: Cultural component spreads outward to new places while remaining strong in the hearth Forms of Expansion Diffusion Stimulus Idea diffuses from hearth but original idea is changed Iced tea vs Sweet tea Hierarchical Idea spreads from a place or person of power Hip-hop moving from large cities to other larger cities to smaller cities to suburbs/ rural areas Contagious Numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters Ex: Tuberculosis Relocation Diffusion Def: Involves actual movement of the original adapters from their hearth to a new place People do the “moving” not the innovation Migrant diffusion Innovation spreads and lasts only a brief time in the newly adopted place Ex: Band Concert Mix of Patterns Many diffusing phenomenon spread through mix of patterns Ex: HIV/ AIDS

Culture Hearths Definition: Areas where innovations in culture began, such as where agriculture, government, and urbanization originated Sources of human civilization Ancient culture hearths believed to have developed in places with the capacity for innovation Near sources of water/ arable land Not all innovations required interaction Independent innovation Ancient Hearth Direction of Diffusion of Civilization from Ancient Hearth Andean America Eastward t/out S. America Mesoamerica Eastern/Western N. America West Africa T/out Africa Nile River Valley T/out Africa and S.W. Asia Mesopotamia T/out S.W. Asia, Europe, Central and East Asia, W. Africa Indus River Valley T/out S.W., Central, East Asia Ganges River Valley T/out South, SE, and SW Asia Huang River Valley T/out East and SE Asia

Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock and officially "Uluru / Ayers Rock", is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of central Australia. Ayers Rock is a sacred place to the Aṉangu. The Aṉangu traditional religion view the local natural formations of Ayers Rock as embodying, rather than symbolizing, spiritual beings. The world was once a featureless place. None of the places we know existed until creator beings, in the forms of people, plants and animals, traveled widely across the land. Then, in a process of creation and destruction, they formed the landscape as we know it today. Aṉangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja

Torsten Hagerstrand Theorized that innovations of all kinds tend to diffuse from their hearths in stages 1st stage: Gain acceptance in place of origin Early adopters “innovators” 2nd stage Begin to spread rapidly outward from region Majority adopters 3rd stage Slowing and reaching maximum dispersal and saturation Late adopters “Laggards” Research led to seeing that diffusion followed an S-curve pattern Example: Cell phone diffusion

Cultural Convergence and Divergence Definition: Occurs when two cultures adopt each other’s traits and become more alike Cultural Divergence Occurs when two cultures become increasingly different Often one group moves away from the territory of other Acculturation Occurs when two cultures come into contact with one another and the “weaker” of the two adopts traits from the more dominant culture Assimilation Sometimes acculturation leads to assimilation When the original traits of the weaker culture are completely replaced by more dominant culture Transculturation When two cultures of just about equal power meet and exchange ideas

Sauer’s Cultural Landscape This figure summarizes the ways the natural and cultural landscapes are transformed.

How are hearths of popular culture traits established? Typically begins with an idea/good and contagious diffusion. Companies can create/manufacture popular culture. (ie. MTV) Individuals can create/manufacture popular culture. (ie. Tony Hawk)

Origin of the world’s major religions > Cultural Systems A cultural system is a collection of interacting components that shape a group’s collective identity, and includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history. Geography and Religion Geography and Language Culture and Society Origin of the world’s major religions >

Placelessness: the loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape – one place looks like the next.

Because of the historical geography of the United States’ migration and settlement patterns, which generally began along the Atlantic seaboard and radiated westward over time, cultural diffusions have likewise tended to flow from east to west over much of the country’s history

Language and National Identity Standard Language a language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught. Government usually plays a big role in standardizing a language.

Mutual Intelligibility Means two people can understand each other when speaking. Problems: Cannot measure mutual intelligibility Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility Standard languages and governments impact what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”