1. ELEMENTS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 1. Cultural3. Political5. Urban 2. Population4. Economic

2. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IS THE STUDY OF PEOPLE AND CULTURES 1. PLACE: across the globe; many world cultures (different language, religions, customs & beliefs). 2.LOCATION: population is unevenly distributed. People cluster in areas where there is WATER (fertile soil, adequate supply of water & a climate mild enough to grow crops) 3. REGION: political regions, population, economic development & culture. 4. MOVEMENT: people from one culture travel or move to regions with different cultures. 5. HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: cultures use surroundings to satisfy diverse needs, economic systems & values.

3. 1. CULTURE: The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs & behaviors that are shared and passed on by a group of people (their way of life or “personality”)

4. B. Non-Material Culture: Ideas & Beliefs – ethics & values, language, religious & spiritual beliefs, superstitions, traditions & customs 3. TWO MAJOR ASPECTS OF CULTURE: 2. CULTURE is what makes us all similar and different… can tie us to one group & separate us from another. ( It is the patterns for behavior that helps people “fit” into a group). A. Material Culture: Objects or “stuff” - things that people build, make & grow EX: buildings, food, clothing, technology, arts & crafts “Stuff” produces the big picture…how material culture changes an area is its Cultural Landscape (its personality)

5. 4. MOVEMENT OF CULTURE Some major changes in a culture can occur through A. INNOVATION: taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need (invention, innovation & discovery)

6. 1. CULTURAL HEARTHS: Places from which important ideas (innovations & inventions) & technology begin and spread to other cultures. a. EGYPT (Nile River Valley) b. IRAQ (Tigris/Euphrates River Valley) c. INDIA (Indus River Valley) d. CHINA (Hwang He River Valley) 2. Early Cultural Hearths: e. AMERICA (Mesoamerica)

7. 3. Cultural Hearths began in river valleys 4. River Valleys provided a. Arable land (fertile soil, water & mild temperature) b. Transportation & Trade c. Protection 5. Discoveries & innovations were made & spread to other cultures a.Domestication of animals & plants (no longer hunters & gatherers) b.Division of Labor c.Developed writing, science & mathematics; invented useful “stuff”

8. B. CULTURAL DIFFUSION: the spread of people, goods & ideas to surrounding cultures. HOW DOES DIFFUSION OCCUR TODAY? a. Physical – Deserts, Mountains, Bodies of Water b. Human – Language, Religion, Barriers like the Great Wall of China & Berlin Wall 1. Barriers to Diffusion: Today, diffusion is spread rapidly with communications technology, modern transportation & global trade (companies like McDonalds/ Nike…) MOVEMENT of CULTURE, cont.

9. * Acculturation can change a culture. 5. ACCULTURATION:* The process of one group accepting, borrowing or making the ideas or traits of another culture part of their own culture

10. 7. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE * A Core Element of Geography: a visible imprint of human activity & culture on the landscape (surroundings). Ex: Layers of buildings, forms & artifacts sequentially imprinted on an area by human occupants (a timeline of human culture & change…many changes-over- time can be seen) Where is this evident at KHS?

11. 9.RELIGION: a belief in a supernatural power or powers regarded as creators and maintainers of the universe. a. 3 Categories 1. Monotheism: belief in one God 2. Polytheism: belief in more than one God 3. Animism: traditional/spiritual (often with belief in divine forces in nature) b. Religions spread across the world through diffusion and converts. c. Major religions: 1. Three major religions: Judaism, Christianity & Islam all began in Southwest Asia (all monotheistic) 2. Three of world’s major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism are concentrated in South Asia. Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest religions (c. 5, 000 yrs. old) is considered polytheistic.