1. This is Geography
Chapter 1

2. Key Issue 3: Why are Different Places Similar?

3. Scale: Relationship between the portion of earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Local vs Global
Globalization: a force or process that involved the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
Makes the world “smaller”
Economic globalization
Increasing connections between places and rapid movement between goods and information around the world.
Cultural Globalization
As the economy spreads between places, so does culture.
Threatens local culture

5. Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects
Distribution: the arrangement of a feature in space
3 main properties: density, concentration, pattern.
Density: frequency with which something occurs in space
Depends on number of a feature and the land area
EX: China vs Netherlands
China =1.4 billion people, but only 140 people per kilometer.
Netherlands = 17 million, but 500 per kilometer

6. Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects
Concentration: the extent of a feature’s spread over space
If the objects are close together they are clustered, if they are far apart then they are dispersed

7. A: lower density than B and C
B and C have the same density but different concentration
B: Dispersed
C: Clustered

9. Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects
Pattern: the geometric arrangement of objects in space

10. Space: Cultural identity
Cultural groups tend to organize space.
Tend to live by those who are like us
Influence why people move where they do

11. Connections: Diffusion
Diffusion: the process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time
Hearth: a place from which an innovation originates, so where something comes from
2 basic types of diffusion
Relocation
Expansion

12. Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
Language
Expansion Diffusion: the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process. 3 processes.
Hierarchical diffusion: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.
Political leaders, celebrities, region of power
Contagious diffusion: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Music, fashion, ideas
Stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.
Features of the iPhone and iPad adopted by competitors

13. Hierarchical

14. Contagious

15. Stimulus

17. Connections: Spatial Interaction
Interaction takes place through a network: a chain of communication that connects places.
Distance decay: the farther away something is from another, the less likely the two are to interact
Space-time compression: the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
Technology!

18. Space Time Compression

19. Chapter 1, Figure 1.42 Labeled

20. Key Issue 4: Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable?

21. Geography, Sustainability and Resources
Resource: a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically
Renewable resource: produced in nature more rapidly than its consumed
Trees
Nonrenewable resource: produced in nature more slowly than its consumed
Petroleum
Sustainability: the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

22. Three Pillars of Sustainability
The Environmental Pillar:
Conservation: the sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine and recreation
Preservation: the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible
The Society Pillar:
Human needs: shelter, food and clothing
Use resources to meet these needs
The Economy Pillar:
Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace
Supply and demand

24. Sustainability and Earth’s Physical System
A biotic system is composed of living organisms
An abiotic system is composed of non-living or inorganic matter
3 of Earth’s 4 systems are abiotic
Atmosphere: thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
Hydrosphere: all of the water on and near Earth’s surface
Lithosphere: Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust
Biosphere: all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals and microorganisms

27. Ecology
A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact is an ecosystem.
Cultural Ecology: the geographic study of human-environment relationship
How different cultures impact the environment
Environmental determinism: the belief that the physical environment caused social development
Possibilism: the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment