DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REV 01 Topic 8 Motivation DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REV 01 Motivation - The willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. Reduction of tension Unsatisfied Need Search behavior Satisfied need Tension Drives DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REV 01 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Best known motivational theory introduced by Abraham Maslow. He stated that within every human being exists a hierarchy of five types of needs. Self-actualization – growth, self-fulfillment, etc. Esteem – self-respect, achievement, etc. Social – affection, belongingness, etc. Safety – security and protection Physiological – Food, drinks, shelter, etc DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X - The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, seek to avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y – The assumption that employees are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction. REV 01 DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REV 01 Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory - He suggested emphasizing to the hygiene factors (working conditions, salary , etc) will motivate people on their jobs. Those are the factors that increase job satisfaction. McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory - The needs for achievement (nAch), power (nPow) and affiliation (nAff) are major motives in work. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REV 01 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory An individual tends to act in a certain way,in the expectation that the act will be followed by given outcome, and according to the attractiveness of that outcome. Variables: Effort-performance linkage, performance-reward linkage, and attractiveness. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

Designing Motivating Jobs REV 01 Job Enlargement - The horizontal expansion of a job; an increase in job scope. Job enrichment – Vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities. Job characteristics model (JCM) – A framework for analyzing and designing jobs; identifies five primary job characteristics, their interrelationships, and their impact on outcome variables. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

Motivating a Diverse Workforce REV 01 Professionals employees Technical employees Contingent workers Low-skilled workers Minimum-wage workers Motivating a diverse workforce means that managers must be flexible enough to accommodate culture differences. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT