2. Definition
Motivation is a process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal.
Stephen P. Robbins

3. Key Elements of Motivation
Direction
(Towards the goal)
Persistence
(Consistency of Effort)
Intensity
(Degree of Effort)

4. Theories of Motivation
Needs theories
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Herzberg’s two factor theory
ERG Theory
McClelland Theory
Process theories
Vroom’s Valence Expectancy Theory
Goal Setting Theory

5. Need Theories

6. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
Self Actualization
Self Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Lower-order
needs
Higher-order 3

7. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Dissatisfaction
and
De-motivation
Not dissatisfied
but
not motivated
Positive
satisfaction
and motivation
Hygiene Factors
Motivational Factors
Company policies
Quality of supervision
Relations with others
Personal life
Rate of pay
Job security
Working conditions
Achievement
Career advancement
Personal growth
Job interest
Recognition
Responsibility

8. Dissatisfier and Satisfier
Absent Present
Hygiene Factors
Dissatisfaction No Dissatisfaction
Motivational Factors
No Dissatisfaction Satisfaction
Dissatisfier
Satisfier

9. Comparison of Maslow and Herzberg Theory
Hygiene
Motivators
Factors
Maslow
Social
Safety
Physiological
Self-Actualisation
Esteem

10. ERG Theory (Alderfer Theory)
According to Alderfer there are three groups of needs:
Existence: Needs related to basic requirements
Relatedness: Needs related to relationship building
Growth: Needs related to personal growth and development
More than one need can be operative at the same time.
If a higher level need is not satisfied, the desire for the lower level need increases.

11. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
According to McClelland there are three types of needs:
Need for Achievement: Drive to achieve success
Need for Power: Desire for authority, to influence and lead others
Need for Affiliation: Desire for close interpersonal relationship
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