Chapter 25 Africa, India and New British Empire 1750-1870

Zulu Kingdom arose primarily because of internal conflicts over grazing rights. Created a new sense of national identity. Kingdoms of Lesotho and Swazi were created by attracting refugees from Zulu raids.

Egypt Muhammad Ali’s creation of modern Egypt was shaped by the shock of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt. 1805-1848 Modernization was paid for through the development of a cotton industry that rivaled the United States. Goal was to create a military to defend against European invasion. The American Civil War decreased cotton from the U.S. and helped Egypt. After the American Civil War, the Egyptian cotton industry slowed down.

Egypt Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail focused on westernization. “My country is no longer in Africa, it is in Europe”. Built canals and railroads

European Explorers 1750-1870 Investigated African geographic mysteries. Traced the paths of African rivers. Looked for mineral wealth. Tried to convert Africans to Christianity. “Scramble for Africa” – after 1870 as European nations moved to create colonies in the dark continent.

David Livingstone A Scottish missionary and explorer. Led small parties to southern and central Africa. Mapped the Zambezi River 1853-1856 Named Victoria Falls after the British monarch. Traced Upper Congo River in 1870’s.

Slavery The slave trade ended due to slave revolts and humanitarian reform movements. The British, the world’s greatest slavers became the most aggressive suppressors of the slave trade. They and the Americans began patrolling the coast of West Africa to intercept slave ships.

Slavery Africans who wanted European manufactured goods started to develop their own “legitimate” trade by developing new export items. Palm oil became the most successful export from Africa after abolition. Palm Oil radically altered the social structure of the coastal trading communities. “Re-captives” were slaves who were taken off of slave ships by the British and placed in Sierra Leon.

West Africa New European contact brought the following changes: Christian conversion. Expansion of education. Outlawing of slavery. Architectural changes.

British Empire East India Company founded in 1600. The British colonized India by defeating the French and picking apart the decaying Mughal Empire.

India India was fragmented which allowed Britain to quickly seize control. Iran threatened from the West. Nawabs – rich Muslim princes who ruled their own powerful states became allies of British.

EIC East India Company Transformed the Indian economy by expanding agricultural production and decreasing industrial output. Used “Company Men” to gain access to port cities. Hired Sepoys to protect company properties.

Export crops of India Opium in Bengal to China Coffee from Ceylon Tea from Assam (N.E.)

Sepoys Indian troops who were hired and trained to protect European companies’ warehouses. 200,000 by 1857. 38,000 British officers. 1857 use of animal fat as lubricant led to the Sepoy Rebellion. Did not become a national revolution because of a lack of national identity. After the rebellion, India came to be ruled directly by the British government.

Changes after the Sepoy Rebellion A law guaranteeing all Indians equal protection A law requiring freedom of religion and social custom. The placement of a viceroy governor in Delhi. Respect for the rights of Indian princes loyal to the crown.

British raj British rule of India. A critical feature was the use of nawabs. The “Bombay Presidency” was territory taken over by the East India Company after defeating the Maratha Confederation.

British “Traditions” Used to enhance and benefit the supporters of British rule. Endow religious leaders with power to maintain control over the population. Enforce the image of the British monarch and wealth through durbars. Provide a justification to keep control over the population in the absence of a regular, established colonial policy.

Improvements in India due to British Rule Public works and infrastructure projects. Cholera epidemics spread due to poor sewers. “Kala Mari” –the Black Death seen by Indians as punishment for foreign rule. Better sewers helped increase production and trade

Improvements in India due to British Rule Railroads – In 1870 India’s railroad was one of the largest in the world.

Pan-Indian Nationalism Sati and Slavery outlawed by British in 1829 and 1843. Widows could remarry after 1856 Female infanticide illegal in 1870. Followers wanted to embrace western ways, but keep best Hindu traditions.

Pan-Indian Nationalism Indian National Congress Created in 1885. Sought more rights for Indians by promoting ethnic and religious unity.

Progress for Women First secular school for women in India founded in Calcutta. Widow burning outlawed

Progress for Women Female infanticide and prostitution made illegal. Widows allowed to remarry. Most significant way of instilling nationalism was establishing schools and universities.

Britain’s Eastern Empire Cape Colony in South Africa – was a supply station for the lengthy India route. British take over Dutch overseas possessions except for Mauritius.

Afrikaners Dutch settlers who migrated from British-ruled Cape Colony for fertile land in the North. Migration known as “The Great Trek”. Met with resistance from Zulus and other African tribes.

Goals of British Imperialism Promote British overseas trade. Clipper ships increased the speed of trade. The British settled Australia by sending convicts there. By 1870, Britain had over 50 colonies around the world (after the 13 lost in America)

Clipper

Royal Navy Man of War

The South Pacific Britain encouraged self government of colonies. Satisfied settler’s desires for greater control. Muted demands for independence. Made colonial governments pay for their own expenses. Avoided the same conflicts that led to the American Revolution.

South Pacific Whaling (pg.729)

New Labor Migrations After British slave emancipation in 1834, new plantation workers came from Africa, the Pacific Islands, British India, and China. Contracts of indenture were used for employment from five to seven years. Most indentured servants left their homes because they hoped to better their economic and social position.