1. Trans-Oceanic Empire Building: European Empire Building After 1750
Over time, European colonialism shifted from trade-based port cities to full-scale takeovers of cultural and political life, as non-industrialized areas became colonies of imperialist European nations.

2. Industrialization = Power!
Goods are made more quickly
Militaries are made more powerful
Fossil fuels unleash a huge amount of productive capacity
Countries & empires that didn’t industrialize found themselves weak and shocked by the huge shift in power

3. Causes
Industrialization in Europe drove increasing demand for raw materials
Europe began importing more raw materials and exporting more manufactured goods
Europe eventually tried to gain colonies to extract other global areas’ raw materials
They moved from having little trading port colonies to conquering full-fledged empires

4. Reactions
Some nations began to industrialize on their own (USA, Russia, Germany, Japan) - - their governments helped support this effort (industrialization was state-sponsored)
Some countries were too slow to industrialize and got taken over by Europe.
Europe’s industrial revolution had made them so powerful, they could easily beat militaries that, 100 years before, could have taken them on and won ( )

5. Why Important?
Nations like Britain and the Dutch moved from controlling small coastal trading cities (British in India, Dutch in Indonesia) and now took full political control of these areas

6. British Imperialism in India
India: From trading colony to “Jewel in the British Empire’s Crown”

7. Decline of Mughal India after 1750
Decentralized states controlled by Nawabs ruled
Technically, these nawabs owed allegiance to Mughals
British East India Company made agreements with nawabs. Brits supported nawabs’ rule & got trade and land taxes in return
Nawab = local prince
WATCH THE DOCUMENTARY FROM 2:50 TO END HERE!

8. Stage One: British East India Company Rule (1818-1857)
EIC = a joint-stock company focused on looking for trade & protected by the British government
EIC collected taxes, made reforms (eg: outlawing sati)
Depended on nawabs & Sepoys for support & had to respect Indian customs
Sepoy – an Indian (Hindu or Muslim) recruited & serving as an EIC soldier

9. Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Beef & pork fat issue
Real issue was racism/British superiority complex
Sepoy soldiers rebelled against bad treatment by British foreigners
Rebellion was put down very violently on both sides
WATCH CLIPS FROM “THE RISING” BOLLYWOOD MOVIE HERE!

10. Mangal Pandey
Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar

11. British Colonial Rule (1857-1947)
British government took control (to keep cotton & opium raw materials)
Queen Victoria of Britain became Empress of India
India = main source of cotton for English textile mills
Finished goods were resold in India
Destroyed local hand-made industries

12. The Good & the Bad WRITE 3 GOOD & 3 BAD
Britain made worse-
Self-determination
Ignored Habits/customs
Racism
Economic exploitation
Britain improved-
Hospitals
Transportation (railroads, etc.)
Communication
Education
Laws & safety
Women’s status a bit

13. Rising Nationalism
Nationalism – feeling of identity within a common group of people (the “nation”)
British used Indirect Rule
Middle class of Indian officials began to rise
New Indian bureaucracy took in western political values from the Enlightenment (liberty, equality, justice)
Rammouhan Roy – advocated unity for Indians w/ Indian National Congress (from 1880s) (mainly Hindu; upper class movement)
Lacked support of the average, uneducated Indians