What domestic & foreign forces threatened Qing China & Muslim States? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxmWfbXS4Pw&list=PLShTn0SI5i1NOL7K0EjMXfTOTnumRamSO

Qing Domestic: Bureaucratic breakdown Exam system riddled with decline Govt position viewed as means to gaining influence Loss of revenue Mid 19th Century floods = poverty & homelessness Increase in crime

Foreign European rivals Opium trade 1839 Opium War 1842 Treaty of Nanking 1850 2nd Opium War British gain Hong Kong 90 ports open to foreigners Boxer Rebellion

Treaty of Nanking

1905 civil service exam end signals end of Confucian values & Scholar Gentry 1912 Qing Dynasty Ends

Ottoman Decline Early 18th Century weak leadership Power struggle between officials, religious experts, & Janissary Reform – Western vs. Traditional (both viewed as means to stop decline)

Muhammad Ali (Egypt) European style reform – powerful army& navy Gained independence from Ottoman

Comparison Why did the Muslim culture & state survive and not the Qing? Muslims had faced European threat from the Middle Ages on China- European threat was sudden & brutal

Muslims shared a Judeo-Christian & Greek Culture Chinese viewed West as barbarians Muslims had many centers. When dynasty fell it did not mean the end of Islamic independence China’s survival based on Qing

Contrast in unity religious unity