Make a list of all of the things that you own that were made BY HAND

Days Spent in School 169 class days 4 days of midterms 7 days of finals 104 days off for weekends 27 weekdays off for vacations 54 weekdays off during the summer

England was the only European country able to foster the development of the industrial revolution Geography Agricultural Revolution Commercial Revolution English Revolution (English Civil War)

-The Industrial Revolution-

-Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution- I. The Agricultural Revolution led to advancements in farming A. New high-yield crops from the Americas were introduced in Europe B. Crop rotation allowed more land to be used for farming 1. By changing the crops planted in a field, no fields had to lay fallow for any length of time

C. A number of new farming machines were invented 1. The seed drill, invented by Jethro Tull, planted seeds in a straight line and under the ground 2. The iron plow was more efficient than a wooden plow D. Individuals began to buy public lands and turn them into giant farms 1. This was known as the Enclosure Movement

E. The Agricultural Revolution was necessary for the Industrial Revolution 1. A population increase led to more demand for manufactured goods, especially clothing 2. Farms were more efficient, producing more food but requiring less labor a. Unemployed farmers became the new industrial labor force

II. Textile Revolution A. In the 1700’s, the domestic system could not meet the demands for clothing B. Mechanical inventions made textile production faster 1. Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, power loom, cotton gin

C. The factory system replaced the domestic system 1. Machines were expensive and required water power 2. Home production dwindled

III. Industry Takes Over A. In 1760, James Watt made improvements on the steam engine 1. Watt’s innovations enabled steam engines to power factories, ships, and locomotives 2. These new machines were powered by coal; dramatically increasing the demand for these resources

B. Coal and Iron industries were vital to the Industrial Revolution 1. Great Britain had large amounts of these two resources

C. There were improvements in transportation and communication 1. The transportation of raw materials and finished goods was critical to the Industrial Revolution a. Railroads and steamships were the most efficient methods of transporting industrial materials

IV. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain A. Britain contained the natural resources necessary for industrialization B. Britain also had a central rail and canal network to provide transportation

C. Many wealthy entrepreneurs invested the capital necessary for industries to begin D. English colonies were a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods E. The Royal Navy was able to provide protection for merchant ships

-Effects of Industrialization- I. Population Growth A. Europe’s population went from 140 million in 1750 to 463 million in 1914 1. Better food production led to a more diverse and stable diet 2. Medical care and sanitation also improved

II. Urbanization A. People moved to the cities to find jobs 1. Cities became crowded and dirty 2. Industrial pollution contaminated the air and water

III. Factory System A. Goods were mass-produced in factories 1. High supplies of workers led to low wages 2. At first there were no laws against child labor 3. Working conditions were poor and accidents were common

IV. Changing Social Structure A. Factory and mill owners, the middle class, began to challenge the dominant social position of the rural land owners; the aristocracy B. Factory workers became the new peasants of society and had little chance of improving their lives

V. Changing Roles of Women A. During the Industrial Revolution, most lower class women worked in factories B. Middle class women were encouraged to stay home

-Responses to Industrialization- I. The Industrial Revolution had many negative side-effects and people in Britain began to demand reforms A. In the late 1700’s, people began smashing machines and committing other violent acts 1. These were known as the Luddite Riots

B. In 1831, Parliament investigated factory and mine conditions after pressure for reform increased 1. Authors such as Charles Dickens described urban suffering

2. The Factory Act of 1833 stated that 9-13 year olds could only work 8 hours per day. 14-18 year olds had a 12 hour limit 3. The Miners Act of 1842 barred females from working in mines and said that boys had to be 13 4. In 1874 all workers were restricted to 10 hour days

II. Labor Unions A. Britain outlawed unions with the Combination Acts of 1799 1. The French also outlawed unions B. Governments saw unions as dangerous organizations 1. Business owners argued that unions would cause inflation

C. In the 1820’s, British unions were legalized but were not allowed to strike or picket 1. In the 1870’s unions won the right to strike and picket

III. By the late 1800’s, workers had improved their standards of living A. Wages improved B. Goods became cheaper C. Job safety improved D. Benefits such as compensation and pensions emerged E. Public schooling led to increased social mobility

IV. In the late 1800’s, city life improved A. Public water and sewer systems improved sanitation B. Electric streetcars cut down on pollution C. Police forces maintained law and order

-Ideas About Industrial Society- I. Laissez-Faire Economics A. Laissez-Faire Economics was based on the idea that natural laws would govern the economy 1. According to this theory it is best not to interfere with these laws

B. Adam Smith wrote, “Wealth of Nations” 1. He argued that society benefited when businesses were unrestricted 2. Wealth created for business owners would spread to others through higher wages

C. Thomas Malthus wrote, “Essay on Populations” 1. He argued that human populations grow faster than food production 2. Famine, disease, and war were necessary to keep the population in check 3. If governments tried to improve social conditions, populations would boom and cause hardships a. It was therefore better if governments did not try to control economies

D. David Ricardo wrote, “The Iron Law of Wages” 1. He argued that wages run in cycles with the population

II. Reformers A. John Stuart Mill 1. Supported capitalism but believed governments should take action against abuses a. He was an avid supporter of labor laws

B. Socialists 1. Believed that capitalism only really benefited the business owners 2. Wanted the government or workers as a whole to control the means of production

III. Utopian Socialists A. Utopia was an ideal society with no poverty or crime B. Robert Owen founded a community in Scotland where he built a textile mill and paid workers well 1. The plan was a success

C. Charles Fourier planned communities where individuals would work at jobs they were best at and shared the profits communally 1. Several were established but none worked well