Preview: How do you achieve racial equality in the face of extreme opposition? Imagine you are a leader of the African American community in Georgia in 1877. Reconstruction has ended. Jim Crow laws are being enacted. The KKK is terrorizing your people. What can you do to help your people gain equality? In your notebook write about at least three things that can be done. Be prepared to share your answers with the class.

Many African Americans elected to office in the South What was life like for African Americans in the South after Reconstruction ended in 1877? Civil War 1861 - 1865 Reconstruction 1865 – 1877 Many legal advances for African Americans = 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Many African Americans elected to office in the South 1876 – North pulls its troops out and white-supremacist Democrats take over

Results: Most African Americans became share croppers What was life like for African Americans in the South after Reconstruction ended in 1877? Results: Most African Americans became share croppers Laws put in place to prevent African Americans from voting (poll tax, literacy tests). KKK had supports of local officials and terrorized anyone who voted Republican. Lynching became a widespread form of terrorism against African Americans. Jim Crow segregation: separate = equal is upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Booker T. Washington Born a slave in 1856 Principal of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a school designed to teach blacks industrial skills. A skillful politician and speaker, he won the support of whites in the North and South who donated money to the school. Gave the Atlanta Compromise speech in 1895

Carpentry class at Tuskegee Institute (currently Tuskegee University) From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History http://216.226.178.196/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/photo&CISOPTR=4419&CISOBOX=1&REC=3

Senior class in Agricultural Education at Tuskegee Institute From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History http://216.226.178.196/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/photo&CISOPTR=3386&CISOBOX=1&REC=5

W.E.B. DuBois Born in 1868 in Massachusetts First African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Wanted immediate equality between blacks and whites Wanted classical higher education fro blacks Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903) Created the Niagara Movement which led to the NAACP

Library at Howard University Howard University library, about 1890 (Courtesy of Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Archives)   http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/3-organized/images/hulibrary.jpg

Pharmacy class at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Pharmaceutical laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, ca. 1900. REPRODUCTION No.: LC-USZ62-35750 (b&w film copy neg.)   http://www.howard.edu/explore/paris/images/14paris.jpg

Task: Document Analysis Read Document A – Booker T. Washington’s Speech

Task: Document Analysis Read Document B – W.E.B. Dubois’ Speech

What did they think?

Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome.

Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? Education is that whole system of human training within and without the school house walls, which molds and develops men.

Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? When you have mastered numbers, you will in fact no longer be reading numbers, any more than you read words when reading books You will be reading meanings.

Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.

If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else. Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.

Who’s Line is it? Identify who said the following quote – DuBois or Washington? The power of the ballot we need in sheer defense, else what shall save us from a second slavery?

Writing for Understanding Choose your own assignment (10 lines) Washington has been a very controversial figure. Some historians say that he was a sell-out who kissed up to white people; others say he was realistic about the situation in the South, and tied to avoid inciting white hostility. What do you think? What was DuBois’s critique of Washington? Do you think he makes a good point? Why or why not? Why might some of Washington’s supporters say that DuBois didn’t understand what life was like in the South? Based on what he wrote, do you think DuBois was clueless about what was happening in the South? Based on these documents, who do you think was a stronger advocate for the rights of African Americans: Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. Dubois?