1. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
1873: Ku Klux Klan

2. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
1875: Civil Rights Act (prohibits discrimination in public places)

3. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
1883 Civil Rights Cases(14th Amendment/Equal Protection does not apply to private businesses and acts)

4. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
Black codes/Jim Crow Laws start to take shape and Segregation grows

5. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
Timothy Thomas Fortune Formed the Afro-American League predecessor to NAACP (1884) Focus on Self-Help Failed (lack of funding)

6. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) (Segregation/Jim Crow Laws are OK as long as facilities are equal)

7. Reconstruction to Progressive Era
Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) (Segregation/Jim Crow Laws are OK as long as facilities are equal)

8. HOWARD UNIVERSITY
Pharmacy class at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
Pharmaceutical laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, ca REPRODUCTION No.: LC-USZ (b&w film copy neg.)

9. Library at Howard University
Howard University library, about 1890
(Courtesy of Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Archives)

10. TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE
Carpentry class at Tuskegee Institute (currently Tuskegee University)
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History

11. Senior class in Agricultural Education at Tuskegee Institute
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History

12. Two African Americans, Two Diverse Backgrounds
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois

13. Booker T. Washington
Outlined his views on race relations in a speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta – “Atlanta Compromise”
Felt that black people should work to gain economic security before equal rights
Believed black people will “earn” equality

14. Booker T. Washington
Developed programs for job training and vocational skills at Tuskegee Institute
Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
Was popular with white leaders in the North and South

15. Booker T. Washington Was unpopular with many black leaders
Associated with leaders of the Urban League which emphasized jobs and training for blacks

16. Booker T. Washington g Born a slave in southwestern Virginia
g Believed in vocational education for blacks
g Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
g Believed in gradual equality
The slang term “Uncle Tom” is used in the African American or black community to describe someone who is perceived as overly ingratiating in interactions with white people. The term is meant to imply that the Uncle Tom is subservient and excessively deferential, behaving as someone of a lesser class or social status rather than treating whites as equals. Usually, this term is used as an insult. (definition from WiseGeek.com)
Accused of being an “Uncle Tom”
g Received much white support
g Wrote Up From Slavery (1901)

17. W.E.B. DuBois Views given in The Souls of Black Folks and The Crisis
Strongly opposed Booker T. Washington’s tolerance of segregation
Demanded immediate equality for blacks

18. W.E.B. DuBois
Felt talented black students should get a classical education
Felt it was wrong to expect citizens to “earn their rights”
Founded the NAACP along with other black and white leaders

19. W.E.B. DuBois g Born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Well educated-First African American to receive
Ph.D. from Harvard
Wanted immediate equality between blacks and
whites
g Wanted classical higher education for blacks
g Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
g The Niagara Movement – led to NAACP