Section 2 – 3 Chemistry of Cells

Carbon Compounds Other than water, your body is made up of carbon compounds Carbon compounds are covalent bonded to other elements Example: Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)

Carbon Compounds There are 4 classes of Carbon Compounds found in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio Are a key source of energy Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains The building blocks of carbohydrates are simple sugars called, Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Example: Glucose C6H12O6 and Fructose Disaccharides are double sugars (two Monosaccharides joined) Example: Table sugar (glucose and fructose), and sucrose

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides are chains of three or more Monosaccharides Is and example of a macromolecule Example: Starch and cellulose

Lipids Are nonpolar molecules that are NOT soluble in water Are fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes Are the MOST important part of the structure and functioning of cell membranes

Lipids Phospholipids: Make up the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/membrane_transport/membrane_transport.swf Steroids Include cholesterol Pigments found in plants

Lipids Fats and Lipids: Store energy Example: Glycerol Saturated fatty acids: Are carbon atoms in the chain bonded to H atoms Most animal fats; butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats Are solid at room temperatures

Lipids Unsaturated Fatty Acids Linked by double covalent bonds Found in plant oils, olive oil, fish oil, vegetable oils Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

Proteins Are large molecules formed by linked smaller molecules called Amino Acids Amino Acids: Are the building blocks of proteins Are 20 different amino acids in proteins Are both polar and nonpolar Electrically and non-electrically charged

Proteins Proteins are enzymes and promote chemical reactions Have important structural functions as well as defense

Proteins Example 1: Collagen found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones Example 2: Your hair, muscles and blood clotting fibers

Proteins Example 3: Antibodies help body defend against infection Example 4: Specialized proteins make your muscles contract Example 5: Proteins in blood called hemoglobin – carry oxygen from your lungs to body tissues

Nucleic Acids All cells contain nucleic acids Nucleic acid Has three parts Sugar, a base, and a phosphate group See figure 11 on page 37

Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleotides DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: which consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. Found in chromosomes and stores heredity

Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleotides RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; single strand of nucleotides. Plays a key role in manufacturing proteins Also acts as an Enzyme Promoting chemical reactions that link amino acids to form proteins

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Is a single nucleotide with two extra energy storing phosphate groups Food molecules are broken down and ATP stores energy needed for cell function

Basal Metabolic Rate Male = 70kCal / Hr Female = 60 Kcal/ hr Supply of Energy to be delivered by: Carbs/protein = 4Kcal/ 1 gram of carb/protein Fats = 9Kcale/gram of fat