Foreign Invaders of the Middle East 1000-1300 Imperial Map

Foreign Invaders By the year 900 CE the great Arab empire created after Muhammad’s death was broken and fractured. These kingdoms continued to develop as centers of Islamic civilization. Beginning around 1000 CE waves of nomads began to overrun the Middle East in search of good, fertile land.

Closure: Describe changes brought by each group. Objective: to identify the changes that foreign invaders brought to the Middle East Procedure: Using textbook pages 575-578 create a WEB. Central Idea: Foreign Invaders of the Middle East (1000-1300) (be sure to include addition details along with effects) Seljuks Mongols Foreign Invaders of the Middle East (1000-1300) effects effects Crusaders Closure: Describe changes brought by each group. effects

Challenges to Islam The Seljuk Turks Seljuk was the chieftain of a group of Turkish tribes These tribes were originally from the steppes of central Asia – Turkish Speaking In the late 10th century, they migrated into modern day Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and converted to Islam

Seljuks Converted to Islam before the invasion In 1055, the Seljuk Turks, under their leader Mas’ud, conquer Baghdad, and establish control over the Abbasid Dynasty Caliph remained as a figure head Captured Anatolia Plateau (Turkey) from Byzantine Empire At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, they deal a serious blow to the Byzantine Empire ½ of the old Roman Empire conquered by Mongols in 1244

Long –Term Effects of Seljuks Weakened Byzantine Empire Frightened Christian rulers of Europe

The Mongols The Mongols were from central Asia Under their great leader Genghis Khan, they would eventually control the largest continuous empire in history Genghis Kahn – The Story of All of Us 4:00

The Mongols Extent of Mongol Empire

The Mongols Were very effective cavalry Left a path of death and destruction in their wake

The Mongols "The Advantage of Bow and Horse" The Mongols prized their horses primarily for the advantages they offered in warfare. developed a composite bow made out of sinew and horn and were skilled at shooting it while riding, which gave them the upper hand against ordinary foot soldiers. With a range of more than 350 yards, the bow was superior to the contemporaneous English longbow, whose range was only 250 yards. A wood-and-leather saddle, which was rubbed with sheep's fat to prevent cracking and shrinkage, allowed the horses to bear the weight of their riders for long periods and also permitted the riders to retain a firm seat.

Mongols Horse riding people of Central Asia Looted, destroyed & killed millions over 100 year period Killed last Abbasid Caliph Genghis is alleged to have said:  "The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before him. To ride their horses and take away their possessions. To see the faces of those who were dear to them in tears, and to clasp their wives and daughters in his arms"  Hulagu Grandson of Genghis Kahn Captured Baghdad from Seljuks

Mongol Horsemen In 1258, Hulagu, a grandson of the great Genghis Khan, led a huge Mongol army to invade the Abbasid Empire. The caliph of Baghdad believed that his forces could withstand a siege. He was wrong… Painting of Hulagu Khan by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, early 14th century.

Mongol Horsemen The city of Baghdad fell to the Mongols, and was destroyed 80,000 people were put to the sword The Caliph was wrapped in carpet and ridden over by hundreds of horses Mongols From Empire of Faith 4:00 Sack of Baghdad Video 1:51

Long-Term Effects of Mongols Mongols Crash Course Reminder to Self – Mongols also in South Asia Absorbed into cultures of Middle East - Islam Linked trade to China, India and Middle East Controlled trade routes

Roots of Crusades 3:15 good Discovery Channel DVD Crusades The Crusaders Roots of Crusades 3:15 good Discovery Channel DVD Crusades

Crusaders The Byzantines pressured all of Christendom to strike back against the Seljuk Turks Motives: reunify the Church & increase power of Roman Catholic Church 1st Crusades: Pope Urban II 1095-1096 First Crusades 2:57 Military expeditions Goal to capture Palestine took Jerusalem 1099 Fall of Video Helped Byzantine recover Anatolia Christian Kingdom stretches to the Mediterranean Coast - Origins of the Knights Templar Video Saladin drove Crusaders from Jerusalem 1187 Saladin History Channel Video

10:48 Saladin

Saladin Salah-al-Din, or Saladin, united the Muslim world in the late 1100s CE. Saladin was God-fearing, courteous, and generous to friends and enemies. He united Muslims from Syria and Egypt, surrounded the crusader kingdoms, and forced the crusaders to retreat. He eventually recaptured the city of Jerusalem from the crusaders in 1187 CE. Origins of the Knights Templar Video

Effects of the Crusades Crusader Kingdoms in Middle East lasted less than 200 years Increased trade across the Mediterranean Sea All land recaptured by Muslims Limited change to Middle East – Effects Video 3:00 Effects in Europe – wealth, trade. Knowledge from ME New products: silk, spice, sugar Advances in technology: paper, compass Quickened change in Europe

Closure: Changes brought by each group: Seljuks Mongols Crusaders Weakened Byzantine empire Mongols Strengthen trade between Asia, India and Middle East Crusaders Increased European interest in Asia Increased knowledge/trade/new products from ME