1. Events to Review During the Dark Ages

2. Table of Contents: 1. Rise of Islam 2. Crusades 3. Mongol Empire
Muhammad
Umayyad Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
2. Crusades
Great Schism
Different Crusades
3. Mongol Empire
Gengis Khan
Khanates
4. Trade Routes
Silk Road
5. Black Plague
6. Africa
7. Americas

3. Rise of Islam

4. Arabian Peninsula before Islam (pre 570):
Between Byzantine Empire and Persian
Had some Christians, some Jews, some Pagans
Mostly merchants to worship Kaaba

5. Muhammad (born 570 CE) Merchant in Mecca
Did not like the materialism people had
Was aware of Christian and Jewish faiths
Went to Mt. Hira to pray and meditate
Visited by Archangel Gabriel (610 CE)

6. 5 Pillars of Islam: 1. No God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet
2. Pray 5 times a day
3. Give to the poor
4. Ramadan: holiday for feasting for 1 month
5. Pilgrimage: visit Mecca once in a lifetime

7. Fight for Islam (timeline)
622: Muhammad forced to flee Mecca
630: Muhammad returns to Mecca with a large army, all of city converts to Islam
633: Muhammad dies. Abu Bakr elected Caliph (successor), Muhammad’s father in law
638: Muslims conquer Syria and Palestine from Byzantines
641: Muslims conquer Egypt from Byzantines
651: Muslims conquer Persia
661: Imam Ali dies, ended rule of “rightly guided Caliphs”, beginning Umayyad Caliphate
675: Siege of Constantinople (fail)
710: Muslims conquer Spain
750: Abbasids take over from
1000: Muslim merchants spread faith through Africa

8. Cool battles:
636: Battle of Yarmuk- Muslims destroy Byzantine army and take Syria, a huge source of wealth for Byzantine government. Major turning point in world history. Makes Muslims important to history
650: Muslims conquer Persia, making a huge group of Persians Muslim
675: Siege of Constantinople: THEY (Byzantines) USED FLAMETHROWERS!!!!!
710: Muslim conquest of Spain. Sets up a lot of messed up things later on (Inquisition)
711: Battle of Tours: Frankish forces with Charles Martel defeat a Muslim force preventing Islam from spreading into Western Europe

9. FLAMETHROWERS!!!!

10. Umayyad Rule ( CE)
Muwawiyah established as first Caliph of Islamic Caliphate- not related to Muhammad
Sunni/Shia split
Established capital in Damascus, Syria

11. Islamic Spread

12. Abbasid Rule (750-1258) Took control from Umayyads
Claimed lineage from Muhammad
Changed capital to Baghdad
Took on more Persian style rule
“King of Kings”
Satrapy
Not as unified or as powerful as it looks

13. Crusades

14. Christendom: a World Divided
Iconoclastic Controversy
Argument on whether statues can be used to pray to (influenced by Islam)
Great Schism (1054)
Roman Catholic (west) vs.
Eastern Orthodox (east)

15. Crusades Timeline
(1094): Emperor Alexius II sends a letter to Pope asking for help
(1095): Pope Urban II make a sermon to call Frankish knights to “reclaim” Jerusalem for Christians
(1099): 1st Crusade- Frankish armies conquer Jerusalem, establish Kingdom of Jerusalem
( ) 2nd Crusade- try to take Damascus (failure)
(1187): Jerusalem falls to Saladin (muslim leader)
(1189): 3rd Crusade- Christians retake Acre and get to visit Jerusalem
(1202): 4th – supposed to take Egypt, instead takes Constantinople
(1258): Abassid Caliphate destroyed by Mongols
(1260): Battle of Ain Jalut- Muslims vs. Mongols (Muslims win)
(1291): City of Acre falls, last city held by Christians

16. Crusader Kingdoms
Kingdom of Jerusalem

17. Mongol Empire

18. The Mongols Nomadic people from northern China
Really good at riding horses
Really really tough
Split into warring tribes

19. Genghis Khan (Temujin)
Tribal leader in North-Central Asia
Gained control of the tribes around him
Used them to conquer all nomadic tribes

20. Mongol Empire Timeline
(1206): Temujin assumes title Genghis Khan (about 40)
(1207): Genghis Khan conquers Jin Dynasty (Northern China)
(1219): Genghis Khan conquers Kwarism (eastern Muslim country)
(1223): Mongol force defeats Rus armies
(1227): Genghis Khan dies
(1240): Ogedai Khan conquers Rus (Russia) goes as far as Hungary and Poland (1241 Ogedai dies, ending invasion of Europe)
(1258): Baghdad captured. Abbasid Caliphate ends
(1264): Kublai becomes Khan. Conquers Song Dynasty (rest of China)
(1294): Kublai dies, break up into four Khanates
(1368): Ming dynasty reclaims China. Mongol Empire ends
(1480): Russians kick out Mongols

21. Mongol Conquests

22. Mongol Empire: 1294

23. Trade
Silk Road

24. Black Death ( )