1. Turks Rise in Anatolia

2. Rise of the Turks Turks rise as Abbasids start to lose control
Lose Spain, Morocco, & Tunisia
868: Lose control of Egypt
945: Persians conquer Baghdad, end power of the caliph
Caliph still religious leader, but Persian rulers now control political power

3. The Seljuks Nomadic horsemen, herded sheep, camel caravans
Great military skills; Abbasids bought Turkish children to train as soldiers (Mamelukes)
Convert to Islam & migrate into the Abbasid Empire
1055 – Capture Baghdad from the Persians
1071 – Crush Manzikert
Gain majority control of Anatolia within 10 years

4. Turks & Persians Cooperate
Seljuks gain support of Persians through favorable treatment
Choose Isfahan as capital
Nizam al-Mulk – vizier
Turks use Persians to educate themselves – illiterate
Rulers take the name shah (king = Persian)

5. Turks & Persians Cooperate (cont)
Seljuks adopt the Persian language
Arabic only maintained through the Qu’ran
Malik Shah (sultan) focused on building Seljuk culture (art, learning, religion)
Built several mosques – Masjid-i-Jame

6. Seljuk Empire – 1092

7. Seljuk Decline & Start of the Crusades
1092: Malik Shah dies unexpectedly; empire disintegrates into kingdoms
1095: Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade
Goal: Drive Turks from Anatolia & reclaim Jerusalem
1099: Christians capture Jerusalem, massacre Jews & Muslims, establish a kingdom

8. Saladin & the Crusades
Saladin establishes a strong Seljuk kingdom to confront Christians
1187: re-takes Jerusalem for the Muslims
Signs a truce with Richard I
Jerusalem is Muslim, but open to Christians
Several other crusades are issued to regain the city, but are easily defeated

9. Seljuks v. Mongols Mongols consolidate power & move west
Hulagu leads Mongolians to the gates of Baghdad; burns the caliph’s palace & kills thousands
- p. 317
Mongols could not spill sacred blood – Abbasid caliph trampled to death by horses

10. Baghdad

11. Mongols
Campaigns in Asia & conquests against Byzantines & Turks = largest land empire in history
Little knowledge of administration = crumble of empire in a few generations
Leads to the rise of the Ottomans