The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon’s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism. Section 2

The Congress of Vienna (cont.) After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore peace and balance to Europe. Klemens von Metternich of Vienna wanted to restore the monarchies that had ruled prior to Napoleon. The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. They agreed to meet regularly in conferences known as the Concert of Europe. Section 2

The Congress of Vienna (cont.) The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion. The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions. Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815 Section 2

The Congress of Vienna (cont.) The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations. Section 2

Forces of Change Liberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and threatened the conservative regimes. Section 2

Forces of Change (cont.) While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberals wanted to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution. Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights. Section 2

Forces of Change (cont.) Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs. Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna. Section 2

Forces of Change (cont.) Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions. Section 2

The Revolutions of 1848 Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over Europe, but the uprisings were largely suppressed. Section 2

The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France. The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. Section 2

The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia. Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukranians. Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, Mid–1800s Section 2

The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague. Revolts in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia were also put down by Austrian authorities in 1849. Section 2

Toward National Unification The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia. Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies. Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying. In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy. Unification of Italy and Germany Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy. In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism. In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia. In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine. The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe were also changing. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) England Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country. Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity. Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) France In France, Louis-Napoleon asked the French people for the restoration of the empire. In the plebiscite, 97 percent of the people wanted an emperor. Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian government that limited civil liberties. Napoleon III expanded the economy with government subsidies for infrastructure improvement. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) He rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards, public squares, underground sewers, and street lights. Napoleon III gave the legislature more power when opposition to some of his economic policies arose. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) The Austrian Empire Nationalism was a problem for the Austrian Empire because it contained so many different ethnic groups. The Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Each component of the empire had its own constitution, its own legislature, and its own capital–Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary. They were held together by a shared monarch, army, and financial system. The Austrian Empire Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Russia After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize. Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs. The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander’s other reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression. Section 3

Nationalist Revolts Revolutionary ideas in Latin America were sparked by the successes of revolutions in North America. Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) In Latin American society, peninsulares controlled the political and economic systems of the colonies. Creoles resented peninsulares and favored the revolutionary ideals of equality. A slave revolt in Hispaniola led to the formation of Haiti in 1804. European Colonies in Latin America Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) In Mexico, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo roused the local Native Americans and mestizos to free themselves of Spanish control. In 1821, Mexico declared its independence and became a republic in 1823. Two men, known as the “Liberators of South America,” were heavily influenced by events in Europe and set South America on the path of freedom. Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) José de San Martín of Argentina fought the Spaniards and liberated Argentina in 1810 before crossing the Andes Mountains and liberating Chile in 1817. Simón Bolívar, who had liberated Venezuela, arrived in Peru and helped San Martín’s forces liberate Peru in 1824. In 1822, the prince regent of Brazil declared independence from Portugal. Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) In 1823, the Central American states declared their independence and eventually became the states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile had all gained independence from Spain. Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) Latin American independence movements faced a major threat from European powers who favored the use of soldiers to restore Spanish control in Latin America. American president James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warning against European intervention in Latin America, and guaranteeing Latin American independence. Section 4

Nationalist Revolts (cont.) The British also favored Latin American independence and used their navy to deter any European invasion of Central and South America. Section 4

Nationalism in the United States Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody civil war that lasted from 1861 to 1865. Section 3

Nationalism in the United States (cont.) In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride. In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. Section 3

Nationalism in the United States (cont.) Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865, ending slavery and creating one nation again. The South’s Economy Section 3