1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
Chapter 24 (P )

2. Latin America Inspired by the American & French Revolutions
Enlightenment ideas spread
Resentment of colonial powers

3. Divided Society Peninsulares- Born in Spain Top of society
Only people who could hold high office in colonial government
Small percentage of population

4. Divided Society Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America
Below peninsulares in rank
Could not hold high-level political office but could rise as high officers in colonial armies

5. Divided Society Below Peninsulares & Creoles:
Mestizos- mixed European & Indian ancestry
Mulattos- mixed European & African ancestry, & enslaved Africans
Indians

6. Haiti Slave revolt Led by: Toussaint L’Ouverture
First black colony to free itself from European control

7. Creoles Lead Independence
Least oppressed of those born in Latin America
Best educated
Traveled to Europe
Returned with Enlightenment ideas

8. Simon Bolivar Venezuelan Creole
Won victory in Venezuela then went to Ecuador
Where he met Jose de san Martin

9. Jose de San Martin Argentinian Freed Chile Met with Bolivar
Bolivar took San Martin’s army to liberate Peru

10. Mexico Miguel Hidalgo Priest, called for rebellion
Grit de Delores (cry of Delores)

11. Mexico Initial attempts at gaining independence were defeated
Until a revolution in Spain put a liberal group pin power
Mexico’s Creoles feared the loss of their privileges- united with rebellion

12. Brazil Occurred without violence or widespread bloodshed
Portugal had moved capital to Brazil (14 years)

13. Brazil Portuguese government returned to Portugal King’s son stayed
Demands for independence & for king’s son to rule
He agreed- bloodless revolution

14. Europe- Clash of Philosophies
Conservative- usually wealthy property owners & nobility, wanted to protect traditional monarchies
Liberal- mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliaments
Radical- favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

15. Nationalism
The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
Will blur the lines between the three political theories

16. Nation-State Nation with its own independent government
Defends its territory & way of life
Represents the nation to the rest of the world

17. Bonds that Create a Nation-State
Culture
History
Language
Territory
Nationality
Religion

18. Types of Nationalist Movements
Type: Unification
Characteristics: Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands
Examples: 19th Century Germany and Italy

19. Types of Nationalist Movements
Type: Separation
Characteristics: Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away
Examples: Greeks in the Ottoman Empire, French-speaking Canadians

20. Types of Nationalist Movements
Type: State-building
Characteristics: Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture
Examples: United States, Turkey

21. Effects of Nationalism
Austrian Empire- breaks up into Austria- Hungary
Russian Empire- Disunification & end of Czars
Ottoman Empire- Armenian massacre & weakening of empire

22. Italy
Unified
Capital- Rome
Pope continues to govern Vatican City

23. Germany Unification led by Prussia Otto von Bismark Prime Minister
Realpolitik- tough power politics without idealism

24. Germany Bismarck united Germans by force
King Wilhelm I of Prussia named Kaiser (emperor)
Second Reich
HRE was the first

25. Effect of Nationalism Europe’s balance of power had broken down
Britain & Germany- most powerful
Austria & Russia- lag behind
France- somewhere in the middle