1. Nationalism and Political Revolutions

2. A Quick Recap French Revolution had failed to keep republic
Metternich (Austrian prime minister) pushes for conservatism
Congress of Vienna meets to balance European power
Conservative monarchs put back in power

4. Nationalism and Liberalism
Revolutionary ideas spread to other European nations
Countries affected:
German states
Prussia
Italy
Poland
Belgium
France
Remember the Differences:
Nationalism
National independence or unification main motivation
Liberalism
Desired reforms within the state (not to break away)

5. Liberal Revolts More successful in France and Britain
Sought more voting rights and better working conditions
Argument for universal male suffrage (UMS)
More successful in France and Britain
After a 2nd revolution, France parliament elected by UMS
Britain gives right to vote to middle class

6. Revolutions Recap Revolutions of the 1830s Revolutions of 1848
France establishes a new limited monarchy
Belgium gains independence from Dutch Republic
Failed German unification
Failed revolution attempts against Austria

7. Revolt in German States
German Confederation (38 German states)
Austria and Prussia biggest
Denmark and France also control some territories
Frankfurt Assembly formed to draft new liberal constitution
Wanted a unified German state
Did not gain support from Frederick William IV of Prussia

8. Rise of Prussia Has become a powerful European state by 1860s
Known for its militarism (reliance on military strength)
Army attempts to increase size; legislature refuses to provide funding
New leader of Prussia: Wilhelm I

9. Otto von Bismarck Prussian chancellor (advises the king)
Practiced “realpolitik”
Politics based off of reality, not ethics
Unify German through any means
Raised powerful military
Done without approval of legislature

10. Strongest Power in Europe
Successfully defeats Denmark and Austria
Wanted Alsace-Lorraine (owned by France)
Franco-Prussian War ( )
France loses key providences
William I becomes Kaiser
“Caesar” of Second German Empire

11. Independence in Mexico
September 16
Mexican Independence Day
Spanish control weakening in Latin America
Revolt led by Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico
Revolution crushed and Hidalgo executed
Inspired other attempts
Peninsulares and Creoles overthrew Spanish rule
Independence declared in 1821
Monarchy--->Republic in 1823
Augustin de Iturbide

12. Nationalism in the U.S.
Conflicts over states rights and slavery lead to conflict between North and South
Civil War ( )
~800,000 casualties
South failed to secure independence
North
Industrialized
Abolitionist (wanted slavery to end)
South
Agrarian
Feared laws that would end slavery