1. 2-2-10

2. Quiz… 1. Klemens von Metternich believed in conservatism. What is ONE thing he wanted to change about Europe in order to make it more conservative? 2. Explain the Principle of Intervention 3. What is a “balance of power”? 4. Explain how liberals did NOT believe in democracy. 5. Nationalists swore loyalty to the _______ instead of to the King or Queen. 6. What was one revolutionary outburst that occurred as a result of nationalism. 7. What sparked the French Revolution of 1848? 8. T or F – after the completion of the drafted German constitution, German unification was achieved. 9. T or F – after the eruption of nationalist demonstrations throughout the Austrian Empire, citizens of Prague, Poland and Czechoslovakia achieved independence. 10. The last revolutionary upheavals over national independence occurred where:

3. Quiz Answers 1. Principle of legitimacy – putting old monarchs back on the throne, creating a balance of power, wanted people to show obedience to authority. 2. Great powers could intervene to put down revolutions that threatened political stability. 3. No one country would have too much military or territorial power. 4. Did not want to share power with the lower classes – opposed universal male suffrage. 5. Nation 6. Belgium, Italy, Poland and France. 7. Bad economy followed by new Provisional government closing the National Workshops. 8. F 9. F 10. Italian states

4. Chapter 12.3

5. The Ideal of Nationalism 1800s people wanted to build own nation-states Belief that people of common ancestry should unite under a single government Nationalist links include: Nationality Language Culture History Religion Territory

6.  Homework tonight: 398 – 401 and outline! I. Toward National Unification  Breakdown of the Concert of Europe  Russia and Ottoman Empire fight in the Crimean War.  Ottomans had access to the Strait of Dardanelles and Russia wanted it (access to Mediterranean)

7.  1853, Russia invaded Ottoman Empire and France and Britain helped the Ottomans –  Ottomans won – kept control of the Balkans.  Broke down the Concert of Europe – made Russia and Austria hate each other (Austria didn’t help the Russians OR the Ottomans because Austria wanted the Balkans too).

9.  Italian Unification In N. Italy, a guy named Cavour used diplomacy and alliances to unite Italy Wanted total control of N. Italy (Austria controlled much of N. Italy) Got together w/ France to fight the Austrians. With Napoleon III’s help, the two got Austria out of Italy Cavour – Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (he has at least two chins)

10. Garibaldi wanted unification in S. Italy Garibaldi captured Sicily in Southern Italy and gave it to Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel Garibaldi (he looks like he herds goats)

11. Many challenges after unification was complete (the Pope had control of Vatican City, but no longer controlled the anything else) Rivalries remain between industrialized north and agricultural south Major political and economic problems – Italy entered the 20 th century as a poor country

12.  German Unification Prussia led German unification King of Prussia, William I, appointed Otto van Bismarck as prime minister. Bismarck was hired when William and parliament started fighting over $. Bismarck declared that they would rule WITHOUT parliament OR a legal budget Bismarck ruled by Realpolitik – “the politics of reality” (tough power politics with no idealism or diplomacy)

13. Bismarck continued… Bismarck was shrewd and ambitious Went to war w/ Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein after forming alliances between Austria and Prussia

14. Bismarck eliminated Austria in a short war over a border dispute. Prussia won and got more land – increased Prussian nationalist pride and the desire for a unified Germany Bismarck then lured France into war. The war united all Germans under 1 leader: King William I named himself Kaiser and named the empire the 2 nd Reich (2 nd German Empire)