Plant Evolution and Classification Biology I Chapter 28 Plant Evolution and Classification

Do Now Why is fungus not considered to be a plant?

The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably green algae. Evolution The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably green algae.

Adaptations to Land Conserving water Reproducing on land Absorbing minerals from the rocky surface

Preventing Water Loss Cuticle-the waxy protective covering of a land plant Stomata-openings that regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Reproducing by Spores and Seeds Spore-haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall Seed-embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

Absorbing and Transporting Materials Vascular Tissue-an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels Xylem-transports water and minerals to the stems and leaves. Phloem-carries sugar in any direction

Do Now How do we classify plants?

Classifying Plants Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)-do not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves Vascular plants (Tracheophytes)-have vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves

Classifying Plants Seedless plants-plants that reproduce using spores. Seed plants-plants that produce seeds for reproduction. Gymnosperms-produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit Angiosperms-seed plants that produce seeds within a protective fruit.

Alternation of Generations Alternation of Generations-Alternation between a haploid stage and a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle

Alternation of Generations Sporophyte-The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle Vascular plants dominate

Alternation of Generations Gametophyte-The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle Non-vascular plants dominate

Know for test!!!

Nonvascular Plants Most primitive of all plants Seedless Produce spores Are very small in height Need water to reproduce sexually Crash Course-Non-Vascular Plants

Phylum Bryophyta Moss “pioneer plants” Rhizoid-a root like structure that anchors bryophytes

Phylum Bryophyta Peat Moss Major component of bogs in northern parts of the world Produces an acid that slows down decomposition in the swamp like bogs.

Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts

Phylum Anthocerophyta Hornworts

Vascular Plants Contain specialized conducting tissues that transport water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another. Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce using spores Dominated the Earth until about 200 million years ago.

Phylum Psilophyta Whisk Ferns

Phylum Lycophyta Club Mosses

Horsetails “Scouring rushes” Phylum Sphenophyta Horsetails “Scouring rushes”

Ferns Originated over 350 million years ago. Phylum Pteridophyta Ferns Originated over 350 million years ago.

Rhizome-Underground stem Phylum Pteridophyta Rhizome-Underground stem

Fiddleheads-densely coiled new leaves Frond-mature fern leaves Phylum Pteridophyta Fiddleheads-densely coiled new leaves Frond-mature fern leaves

Seed Plants All seed plants contain a seed containing an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat

Seed Plants Seed plants are the dominant land plants because the seeds they produce enable the plant to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth.

Gymnosperm “Naked seed” Seed plants with uncovered seeds. First land plants to evolve seeds Conifers produce cones to protect their seeds The tallest trees in the world

Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads

Phylum Ginkgophyta Gingko biloba Flourished during the time of the dinosaurs, but today only have one species “Living fossil”

Phylum Coniferophyta Important source of wood, paper, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees

Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra Welwitschia

Phylum Anthrophyta Angiosperm “Enclosed seed” Characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit Fruit-ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms The primary purpose of the fruit is to disperse seeds. Ovary-female part of the flower that encloses the egg.

Cotyledons-part of a seed that provides food for the embryo.

Contains one cotyledon Parallel venation Monocot Contains one cotyledon Parallel venation

Dicot Plant that has flower parts that occur in multiples of four or five Net Venation Contains two cotyledons

Essay Draw the Alternation of Generations cycle. Be sure to include which types of plants dominate during each stage.

Plant Cells and Tissues Biology I Chapter 29 Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant Tissue As plants grow, their cells become specialized for particular functions. Tissue patterns vary in each plant’s roots, stems, and leaves, and according to the plant’s stage of growth.

Plant Cells Plants have unique structures including a central vacuole, plastids, and a cell wall.

Biology I Chapter 30 Plant Reproduction

Gymnosperm Reproduction

Angiosperm Reproduction Sepal-protects the outer part of a developing flower before it opens Petal-showy part of flower used for insect attraction Stamen-male reproductive structures Anther-contains pollen Filament-supports the anther

Angiosperm Reproduction Pistil-female reproductive structures Stigma-traps pollen grains Style-stalk-like structure that rises from ovary Ovary-contains eggs

Angiosperm Parts

Angiosperm Reproduction

Pollination The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma in angiosperms Immediately followed by the pollen tube beginning to be formed.

Pollination Self-pollination-pollination that involves two genetically identical plants Does not produce new genetic variations. Cross-pollination-pollination that involves two genetically different plants Produces new genetic variations.

Fertilization Fertilization-the union of haploid gametes resulting in a diploid zygote Double Fertilization-one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue

Seed Germination Germination-The development of a seed into a seedling Dormancy-A seed or plant that remains inactive for a period of time

Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is advantageous when plants are well adapted to their environment. Reduces genetic variety

Plant Propogation Tuber—fleshy, underground stem specialized for storage Bulb—underground stem with thick, fleshy leaves

Runner- above ground stem that produces new plants Rhizome—underground stem that produces new plants Crash Course-Plants Amoeba Sisters-Angiosperm Reproduction