Chapter 4 Section 4

Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education Building a New South Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877) Lincoln’s Plan State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient: - want to destroy political power of former slaveholders - want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen Congressional Reconstruction Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866) Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts

Ulysses S. Grant Elected (#12) Johnson Impeached House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict Ulysses S. Grant Elected (#12) Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans

Conditions in the Postwar South By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union Republican governments begin public works programs, social services Politics in the Postwar South Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks

Former Slaves Improve Their Lives Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs African Americans in Reconstruction Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops Tenant farmers rent land from owner

The Collapse of Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to: destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires Reconstruction Fades Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes

Democrats “Redeem” the South Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction

The Nadir of American Race Relations Period in US History from the end of Reconstruction (1877) through the early 20th Century Low point 13th Amendment – ended slavery 14th Amendment – granted citizenship 15th Amendment – granted the right to vote

Black Codes Right to own and buy property Right to marry within race Make contracts Testify in court (only against people of their own race)

Black Codes (continued) Designed to restrict black’s activity & to ensure their ability for labor Ex: Yearly contracts vs. possible arrest, fines or forced into unpaid labor Ex: Mississippi – Evidence of employment each Jan. If a person left early = forfeit wages & possible arrest S. Carolina – Only occupations were farmer or servant unless they paid an annual tax of $10 -$100.

Jim Crow Laws Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Grandfather Clauses

Intermarriage: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Florida Cohabitation: Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida Education: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. Florida Juvenile Delinquents: There shall be separate buildings, not nearer than one fourth mile to each other, one for white boys and one for negro boys. White boys and negro boys shall not, in any manner, be associated together or worked together. Florida