1. Crash Course on Reconstruction

2. Steps Toward Equality

3. 13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment helped African Americans toward equality because it outlawed slavery.

4. Johnson’s Reconstruction
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan allowed Confederate States to rejoin the Union once they had written a new Constitution, canceled it’s war debts, ratified the 13th Amendment, and repealed it’s act of secession.
His plan hindered African Americans from gaining equal rights because he vetoed a lot of the equal rights legislation written by Congress.

5. Freedmen’s Bureau
Although it was not funded very long, the Freedmen’s Bureau helped because it was a government agency created by Congress to help assist former slaves by providing necessities, medical care, and education to freedmen.

6. Black Codes
The Black Codes hindered by limiting the rights of African Americans. They were created by wealthy Southern planters to control their former slaves by giving them only a portion of the rights a citizen had. A typical law forced blacks to work or face being arrested, essentially forcing them to labor on farms or house servants.

7. Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of helped by outlawing Black Codes. Although Johnson vetoed this bill, Congress overrode the veto.

8. 14th Amendment
It helped because it defined citizenship as anyone born in the United States and granted equal rights to all citizens.

9. Military Reconstruction Act
This Radical Republican plan helped by dividing the south into military districts to oversee and the enforcement of Reconstruction legislation.

10. “Under Pressure” Johnson’s Reconstruction
Johnsons Impeachment
It helped because Radical Republicans were tired of Johnson’s vetoes. Although Johnson remained in office by one vote, he lost credibility and power.
Mr.Bett’s
“Under Pressure” Johnson’s Reconstruction

11. Sharecropping
A farming system that hindered by keeping blacks poor and uneducated.

12. It helped by giving African- Americans the right to vote.
15th Amendment
It helped by giving African- Americans the right to vote.

13. New State Constitutions
It helped by replacing all confederate governments in the south.

14. African- Americans Office Holders
It helped because blacks began to gain political power.

15. Ku Klux Klan
It hindered by terrorizing blacks and keeping them from voting.

16. Enforcement Act
They helped by outlawing people (Ku Klux Klan) from interfering with the right to vote and other violations of the equal protection of the law.

17. Amnesty Act of 1872
It hindered by pardoning Confederate officials and allowing them to vote and gain political office.

18. Compromise of 1877
It hindered by ending Reconstruction. It allowed Hayes to become president (Republican), withdrew the military from the south, and returned Southern Democrats to power.

19. Poll Tax
They hindered by making voters pay a tax to vote. This kept blacks and poor whites from voting.

20. Literacy Tests
They hindered by making the freedmen take tests before they could vote. They discriminated against illiterate blacks and poor whites.

21. They hindered by legally segregating whites and blacks.
Jim Crow Laws
They hindered by legally segregating whites and blacks.

22. Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court case that hindered by legalizing segregation and instituting the “Separate But Equal” doctrine.