BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION Reporting Category 3 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION Part 1 – Evidence of Evolution, Fossil Record, Mechanisms of Evolution, Natural Selection & Adaptation

Evolution Father of Evolution is Charles Darwin Survival of the fittest /Natural Selection– those with the most favorable traits will survive and pass on those traits to their offspring Over time, whole populations evolve, not individual organisms

EVOLUTION Change over time Descent with modification Genetic traits passed on to offspring

COMMON ANCESTRY The theory that all organisms descend from a single ancestor Support/Evidence for this is found in Fossil Record Biogeography Anatomical Homology Molecular Homology Developemental Homology

FOSSIL RECORD Remains or imprints of the organism of organisms from earlier geological periods.

FOSSIL RECORD Rock closet to the top is the newest!

BIOGEOGRAPHY The proximity of like fossils that supports continental drift (Pangea)

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Same structure but serve different functions

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES Same function, different structure

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor

MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY Comparing the DNA or amino acids (proteins) of different organisms

DEVELOPMENTAL HOMOLOGY Embryos of different organisms share many common characterisitcs

Reporting Category 3 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION Part 2 – Evolution of the Cell, Taxonomy, Kingdoms of Life

THE IDEA THAT EUKARYOTIC CELLS EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTIC CELLS ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Mitochondria Chloroplast THE IDEA THAT EUKARYOTIC CELLS EVOLVED FROM PROKARYOTIC CELLS

ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

TAXONOMY The grouping of organisms by their similarities Linneaus is responsible for our modern system Which organisms are more closely related?

PHYLOGENY An organism’s evolutionary history which can be used to classify it!

LINNEAUS SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Kingdom King KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SPAGHETTI Phylum Phillip Class Came GETS MORE SPECIFIC AS YOU MOVE DOWN! Order Over Family For Gets more specific Genus Good Spaghetti Species

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Organisms are named using their Genus and species Two organisms with the same genus are more closely related than two organisms with the same family for example Example: Black bear and grizzly bear are more closely related than the black bear and panda bear

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

3 DOMAINS BACTERIA – all prokaryotic ARCHAEA – all prokaryotic extreme environments EUKARYA – all eukaryotic organisms

Animal Kingdom Multicellular heterotrophic This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla) Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and autotrophic Means that all plants perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some single-cells Most of these organisms are decomposers Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athlete's foot

Kingdom Protista largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes

Kingdom Eubacteria & Archeabacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes Often decomposers Make you sick but can also help you CAN be killed by ANTIBIOTICS Kingdom Archeabacteria: Extreme environments DO NOT harm you