1. Chapter 18
Classification

2. 18-1
I. Classification
A. To study diversity of life, biologists name organisms and group them in a logical manner
II. Taxonomy
A. Groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics
B. Taxonomist:
Person who groups/names the organisms

3. III. Aristotle
A. First person to classify organisms
B. Had two groups 
Plants and animals
1. Plants into shrubs, trees, herbs
2. Animals by where they lived: land, water, air
C. Early naming looked at physical characteristics
1. Birds, bats, and insects were all related b/c can fly
D. 18th century  using common name was confusing and went to scientific names

4. IV. Scientific Names
A. Carolus Linneaus = Swedish botanist that classified organisms based on physical and structural characteristics
1. Bats may fly like birds but have hair and produce milk for young = mammal  modern classification system
2. Developed two-word naming system 
Binomial Nomenclature
a. First word = genus Second word = species
b. Genus capital, species lowercase
c. Typed  italics hand written  underlined
d. Names are in Latin  WHY?
1) No longer used and CANNOT CHANGE!!

5. Largest Smallest 3. Linnaeus’ 7 taxonomic categories 1. Kingdom
- Most inclusive
2. Phylum
- consists of similar classes
- consists of similar orders
3. Class
-consists of similar families
4. Order
5. Family
- consists of similar genera
6. Genus
- consists of similar species
Smallest
7. Species
- organisms that can interbreed

6. Page 450

7. 4. Dichotomous Key
a. Set of paired statements that help identify organisms
1) Choose one statement from each pair that best describes the organism
2) At the end of each statement you are directed to the next set of statements
3) When you reach the end, you will see the name of the organism or group it belongs to

8. Different Methods of Classification
V. Cladogram  diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
Different Methods of Classification

9. Cladogram shows evolutionary lineages
Split at nodes
Arranged by how closely related to each other

10. VIII. Similarities in DNA and RNA
A. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships
B. DNA has shown that the American Vulture is more closely related to storks
African Vulture
American Vulture
Stork

11. Page 455 IX. Molecular Clocks
A. Uses DNA comparisons to estimate how long 2 species have been evolving independently
Page 455

12. 18-3 X. Kingdoms and Domains
A. Linnaeus’ time  2 kingdoms  plant and animal
B. Today  6 kingdoms
1. Eubacteria
were once together in the Kingdom Monera
2. Archaebacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

13. The Tree of Life Evolves
Changing Number of Kingdoms
Introduced
Names of Kingdoms
1700’s
Plantae
Animalia
Late 1800’s
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
1950’s
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archae-bacteria
1990’s
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
This diagram shows some of the ways organisms have been classified into kingdoms over the years. The six-kingdom system includes the following kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Page 458

14. C. Three Domains
1. Bacteria
a. Contains Kingdom Eubacteria
1) unicellular prokaryotes, cell walls contain peptidoglycan, ex. streptococcus
2. Archae
a. Contains Kingdom Archaebacteria
1) unicellular prokaryotes, live in extreme environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan, ex. Halophiles, methanogens
3. Eukarya
a. Contains Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

15. 1) Protista 
*Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
*unicellular or multicellular; photosynthetic or heterotrophic; and can share characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals
2) Fungi
*Eukaryotic heterotrophs, feed on dead or decaying organic matter, multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts).

16. 3) Plantae
*multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs, nonmotile, cell walls contain cellulose
4) Animalia
*multicellular, heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, great diversity, many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.

17. Classification of Living Things
Page 459
Classification of Living Things

18. 18-1 Which statement about classification is true?
A. Biologists use regional names for organisms.
B. Biologists use a common classification system based on similarities that have scientific significance.
C. Biologists have identified and named most species found on Earth.
D. Taxonomy uses a combination of common and scientific names to make the system more useful.

19. 18-1 Linnaeus's two-word naming system is called
A. binomial nomenclature.
B. taxonomy.
C. trinomial nomenclature.
D. classification.

20. 18-1 Several different classes make up a(an) A. family. B. species.
C. kingdom.
D. phylum.

21. 18-1 A group of closely related species is a(an) A. class. B. genus.
C. family.
D. order.

22. 18-1
Which of the following lists the terms in order from the group with the most species to the group with the least?
A. order, phylum, family, genus
B. family, genus, order, phylum
C. phylum, class, order, family
D. genus, family, order, phylum

23. 18-2
Grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called
A. evolutionary classification.
B. traditional classification.
C. cladogram classification.
D. taxonomic classification.

24. 18-2 Traditional classification groups organisms together based on
A. derived characters.
B. similarities in appearance.
C. DNA and RNA similarities.
D. molecular clocks.

25. 18-2
In an evolutionary classification system, the higher the taxon level,
A. the more similar the members of the taxon become.
B. the more common ancestors would be found in recent time.
C. the fewer the number of species in the taxon.
D. the farther back in time the common ancestors would be.

26. 18-2 Classifying organisms using a cladogram depends on identifying
A. external and internal structural similarities.
B. new characteristics that have appeared most recently as lineages evolve.
C. characteristics that have been present in the group for the longest time.
D. individual variations within the group.

27. 18-2 To compare traits of very different organisms, you would use
A. anatomical similarities.
B. anatomical differences.
C. DNA and RNA.
D. proteins and carbohydrates.

28. 18-3
Organisms whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom
A. Fungi.
B. Eubacteria.
C. Plantae.
D. Archaebacteria.

29. 18-3
Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom
A. Animalia.
B. Protista.
C. Plantae.
D. Fungi.

30. 18-3 Organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose are found in
A. Eubacteria and Plantae.
B. Fungi and Plantae.
C. Plantae and Protista.
D. Plantae only.

31. 18-3
Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic classification that includes
A. three domains.
B. seven kingdoms.
C. two domains.
D. five kingdoms.

32. 18-3 Which of the following contain more than one kingdom?
A. only Archaea
B. only Bacteria
C. only Eukarya
D. both Eukarya and Archaea