1. Taxonomy & Binomial Nomenclature

2. Why do we classify?
To organize organisms into groups that have biological meaning
Taxonomy-the study of classifying organisms & assigning each organism a universally accepted name (A.K.A. – Scientific name)

3. Why don’t scientists use common names?
Common names can be confusing to scientists because the same organism may have different common names.
Ex) Puma, cougar, panther, mountain lion are all the same animal (Puma concolor)
Different species may share a single common name.
Ex) Buzzard: US-Vulture; UK- Hawk

4. How are organism’s scientific names determined?
Binomial Nomenclature
Created by Carolus Linnaeus
Two-part naming system
Always written in italics
Latin language
1st word is capitalized and 2nd word is lowercased
1st word- genus
2nd word- species (refers to an important trait of an organism or where it lives)
Example: Grizzly Bear- Ursus arctos

5. Linnaeus System of Classification
7 Taxonomic Categories
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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6. Modern Evolutionary Classification
Problems with “traditional” classification:
Classifying organisms with similar body structure or important traits doesn’t necessarily mean they are more closely related.
Modern “evolution” classification
Strategy of grouping organism together based on evolutionary history (similarities in DNA).
Cladogram: a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms.

7. Cladogram is similar to a family tree in that it shows relationships common among relative organisms.

8. Classification Tools DNA & RNA Molecular Clock
Scientist examine DNA & RNA to help determine classification of organism
Example: Amer. vulture, African vulture, & Stork
Molecular Clock
Used to mark evolutionary change in organism by comparing the DNA

9. Domains & Kingdoms 6 Kingdom System of Classification
Three Domains: developed from RNA studies & molecular clocking of organisms
1. Bacteria
Includes Kingdom Eubacteria
2. Archaea
Includes Kingdom Archaebacteria
3. Eukarya
Includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
6 Kingdom System of Classification
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

10. Classification of Living Things
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell Structure
Cell wall w/ peptidoglycan
Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
Cell wall of cellulose in some; some have chloroplast
Cell wall of chitin
Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplast
No cell wall or chloroplast
# of Cells
Unicellular
Most unicellular; some multicellular
Most multicellular; some Unicellular
Multicellular
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph or Hetertroph
Hetertroph
Autotroph
Examples
Streptococcus
Halophiles
Slime molds, giant kelp
Mushroom, yeast
Mosses, ferns, plants
Sponges, insects, fishes, mammals