Introduction - Chapter 1 All specific functions within the body are performed by specific structures. Structure, therefore, determines function. Biology is the study of all living things. Anatomy is the study of internal and external structure. Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions going on within the body. This is a sample first topic page.

Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used. Microscopic anatomy deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used. Light microscope reveals basic details about cell structure. Electron microscope shows greater detail. Cytology is the study of cells. Histology is the study of tissues. Use this slide as the template for including an image.

Gross Anatomy Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye. Surface anatomy refers to the general form and superficial anatomical markings. Regional anatomy considers all structures in a specific area of the body, both superficial or deep, such as the head, neck, or trunk area. Systemic anatomy is the study of major organs systems individually such as the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. This is a sample first topic page.

Physiology Human physiology is the study of the functions of the human body. Cell physiology is the study of the functions of living cells. Special physiology is the study of the physiology of specific organs. System physiology considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems. Pathological physiology (pathology) studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions. This is a sample first topic page.

Levels of Organization Cells are the smallest living units of the levels of organization. Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material. Organs are combinations of tissues. Organs combine to form organ systems. The human body is composed of 11 organ systems. Use this slide as the template for including an image.

Levels of Organization Use this slide as the template for including an image. Levels of Organization

An Introduction to Organ Systems Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body. Anabolism: bonding chemicals together Catabolism: breaking of bonds Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body. Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells. Excretion is the removal of wastes. Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed. This is a sample first topic page.

The Integumentary System This is a sample first topic page.

The Skeletal System This is a sample first topic page.

The Muscular System This is a sample first topic page.

The Nervous System This is a sample first topic page.

The Endocrine System This is a sample first topic page.

The Cardiovascular System This is a sample first topic page.

The Lymphatic System This is a sample first topic page.

The Respiratory System This is a sample first topic page.

The Digestive System This is a sample first topic page.

The Urinary System This is a sample first topic page.

The Male Reproductive System This is a sample first topic page.

The Female Reproductive System This is a sample first topic page.

Homeostasis and Feedback Homeostasis (balance) refers to the existence of a stable environment. Feedback: Negative feedback: a variation outside normal limits triggering an automatic response that corrects the situation. For example, body temp rising causes sweating to lower temp. Positive feedback: the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus. For example, a thermostat that turns the heater on when room gets warmer. This is a sample first topic page.

Negative Feedback This is a sample first topic page.

Positive Feedback This is a sample first topic page.

The Language of Anatomy Superficial anatomy: anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures. Anatomical landmarks: Anatomical position: standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead Supine: lying down with the face up Prone: lying down with the face down This is a sample first topic page.

Anatomical Regions Anatomical Landmarks This is a sample first topic page. Anatomical Landmarks

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions This is a sample first topic page. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Organs This is a sample first topic page. Abdominopelvic Organs

Anatomical Directions This is a sample first topic page. Directional References

Sectional Anatomy This is a sample first topic page. Planes of Section

Body Cavities Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are located within the ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by two-part serous membranes called: visceral/parietal pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum. This is a sample first topic page.

Body Cavities This is a sample first topic page. Body Cavities

The Ventral Body Cavity Body Cavities This is a sample first topic page. [Insert fig 1.13] The Ventral Body Cavity

Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan. Sectional Anatomy Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan. This is a sample first topic page. Scanning Techniques