1. Unit 1- Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. What is Anatomy? The study of structure of the body (observing)
Two types of anatomy-
Gross Anatomy: Observing large body structures
Example- Examining the heart
Microscopic Anatomy: Observing small body structures
Micro= small
Example-Examining the cells that make the heart

3. What is Physiology? The study of how the body functions
Example- Studying the respiration rate and lung functions of the patient

4. Levels of Biological Organization

5. Atoms-Building blocks of all matter. Combine to make molecules
Cells-Smallest units of structure and function in humans
Tissues- Cells combine to form tissues
Ex: Cardiac tissue, nervous tissue
Organs- Structure that is made of 2 or more types of tissues
Ex: Heart, Brain, Skin
Organ System- Group of organs that do the same job
Ex: Cardiovascular system, Nervous system
Organism-Group of organ systems

6. What Organ Systems Make Us Up?
11 systems total= 1 human
Integumentary System-Skin
Skeletal System- Bones
Muscular System-Movement
Nervous System-Control
Endocrine System-Hormones
Cardiovascular System-Blood
Lymphatic System-Fluid other than blood

7. Respiratory System-Oxygen exchange
Digestive System-Breaking down nutrients
Urinary System-Removal of wastes
Reproductive System-Creation of new human

8. What Does the Body Do?
Maintaining Boundaries-Keeps the inside and outside separate
Integumentary System and each cell (cell membrane)
Movement-Moving the entire body by using the muscular system
Other substances such as food, blood, lymph are moved through the body
Responsiveness- Responding to changes in the environment
Also called irritability

9. Digestion-Breaking down molecules into smaller pieces
Metabolism- All of the chemical reactions in the body
Excretion- Removing wastes from the body
Reproduction- Making copies of cells and new organisms
Growth-Increase in size by increasing the number of cells

10. What Does the Body Need?
Nutrients: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals used to create energy
Oxygen (O2): Used to release energy from cells
Water (H2O): 60-80% of the body is water
Body Temperature: Body must have optimal temperature (37o C or 98oF) to continue homeostasis
Atmospheric Pressure: Lungs must have a specific pressure for oxygen exchange

11. Homeostasis Maintaining a constant internal balance
All organ systems communicate to help us stay in balance!
If one system is not functioning properly, we have a homeostatic imbalance!
Examples: fever, diabetes, hormone imbalance…etc.

13. Feedback Systems Homeostatic controls are either negative or positive
Negative feedback:
Turns off or reduces stimulus
Ex: Body is cold, you begin to shiver to raise body temperature
Ex: Your body needs oxygen, your respiration rate increases to meet this O2 need
Positive Feedback:
Increase of stimulus
Usually control infrequent events
Ex: Labor contractions and blood clotting

14. Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position-Anatomical reference point so you know what you are looking at!
All specimen we view will be in anatomical position
Body will be:
Facing forward
Feet apart
Arms to the side
Palms up

15. Body Planes- Plane: An imaginary line on the body where we make a cut
Section: Cut
Sagittal Section: Cutting a body into a right and left side
Sagittal Section in the middle of the body-Median Section
Frontal Section: Cutting the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Also called a coronal section
Transverse Section: Cutting the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

17. Body Cavities-
Cavities where organs are located are separated into the dorsal and ventral cavities
Dorsal Cavity: The cavity that holds the brain and spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: Larger cavity that holds all other major organs
Divided into thoracic cavity (holds
lungs) and abdominal and pelvic
cavities (hold all other major
organs)