The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-1000 Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-1000

Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief? How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean? What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship? What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 The Ambitions of Justinian I (r. 527-565) Reconquest The Campaigns of Belisarius (505-565) Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs The Costs of Empire Ceremony Imperial Dignity Empress Theodora (497-548) The Nika Riot, 532

Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 The Search for Christian Unity Authority The Mystery of the Mass The Limitations of Laity Belief The Debate over the Nature of Christ The Condemnation of the Monophysites

Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 The Codification of Roman Law The Body of Civil Law Family Law The Governance of the Patria Potestas Commerce The Regulating Power of Contracts

Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 Constantinople: The New Rome The Grandeur of the Hagia Sophia The Epicenter of Commerce Bazaars The Ravages of Bubonic Plague

Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650 The Empire after Justinian New Pressures Lombards in the West Avars in the East Heraclius (r. 610-641) Reforms and Stabilization Victory against the Persians

The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Setting: the Arabian Peninsula Trade and the Caravans The Coastal Plain and the Towns Mecca and the Importance of the Kaaba The Domination of the Quraysh Tribe

The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Life of Muhammad (570-632) Conversion The Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran) The Spread of Muhammad’s Message Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina The Hejira, 622 Muhammad’s Leadership and Death

The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Religious Beliefs Submission and Obedience to God’s Will The Five Pillars of Islam One God—Allah Prayer Fasting During Ramadan Charity The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca

The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Christians and Jews: People of the Book Contrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority Treatment of the Dhimmi Muslim Families The Practice of Polygamy Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for Women The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling Opportunities: Property Management and Moral Authority

The Expansion of Islam, 700-800 The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion The Umayyad Dynasty The Schism between Shi’ites and Sunnis The New Capital in Damascus, 661 Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands

The Expansion of Islam, 700-800 Conquest in the West The Conversion of the Berbers Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of Gibralter Settlement in Africa and Iberia Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732 The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at Baghdad The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba

The Expansion of Islam, 700-800 Islamic Civilization The Influence of Older Cultures and Traditions Art and Literature The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca. 747-813) Commerce and Urban Life The Promotion of Trade Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071 Losses and Reforms Territorial Decline in the South and West The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Military and Administrative Policies Constans II (630- 668) and the Creation of Themes Strengthening Defenses The Navy and Greek Fire The Cataphracts Creating Dissension

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071 The Waning of Byzantine Society Plague and Population Collapse The Decline of Education and Literacy The Controversy over Icons Leo III (r. 717-741) and the Initiation of Iconoclasm

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071 Irene (ca. 752-803): From Regent to Empress Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm A Reorientation to the North The Threat of the Rus Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca. 827-869), Methodius (ca. 825-885), and the Cyrillic Alphabet The Growing Muslim Threat in the South The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071