1. The Rise of Islam, 600-1200

2. The Origins of Islam Arabs of 600 C.E. lived in the Arabian peninsula. (_______,_________,________)

3. The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad Farmers and sailors Fishing and trading “Empty Quarter” Middlemen – Caravan trading – Camels and donkeys – Christians

4. Mecca. What was the significance of this city? – Ka’ba

5. Muhammad in Mecca Muhammad was born in Mecca, 570. – “Night of Power and Excellence” – What was message he received? Muslim- Islam- Familiarity because of… Why was Islam appealing?

6. The Formation of the Umma In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina (hijra). Why? Meccan migrants formed a umma Muhammad dies; no provision of succession. – Khalifa/caliph – Abu Bakr Quran

7. Five Pillars – 1. – 2. – 3. – 4. – 5. Shi’ites v. Sunnis

8. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258 Sunni never gave absolute authority and power to: define belief, expel heretics, and discipline clergy

9. The Islamic Conquests, 634-711 Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, North Africa, India, Iraq, Anatolia. No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquest period.

10. The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850 The Umayyad (Sunni) dynasty ruled from Damascus. – Muslim Arabs – Silver dirhams and gold dinars Abbasid Caliphate (Shi’ites) ruled after defeating the Umayyad – Promotion of Islam – Arabian Nights- – Why was this period called the “golden age”?

11. Political Fragmentation 850-1050 Why did the Abbasid fall? – Mamluks – What was the problem with mamluks? Seated and unseated caliphs Capital moved from Baghdad to __________. Shi’ite Buyid

12. New exchange system with Berbers in Sahara desert. – Ghana Fatimid Dynasty claimed to be descendants of Ali (Shi’ite) 969 – Conquered Egypt – Abundance of gold

13. Umayyad Spain 740 – Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arabs, Berber – Most sophisticated agricultural economy Al-Andalus 929 – Iberian Peninsula – Literature, law, philosophy – Ulama-

14. Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258 Seljuk Turks (Afghanistan to Baghdad) – Problems: – Crusades had little effect on Islamic lands – Battle of Ain Jalut- mamluks defeated Mongols from Central Asia – Young Turks-

15. Islamic Civilization

16. Law and Dogma Shari’a – Merging of- Islam began to govern social and religious life. – Sunna- Hadith- What was the problem with hadith?

17. Converts and Cities “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” – Few could read the Quran – Discrimination led to migration and growth of urban centers. – Muslim regions urbanized; Christian cities shrank.

18. What did this Muslim urbanization confirm? Variations in religious teachings were common. Why? Trade and technology flourished – Doctors – Physics – mathematicians

19. Islam, Women, and Slaves Literate, no public life, could not associate socially with non family members, Greater status than Jewish and Christian – What are two things women were never allowed to do?

20. Views on Slavery: – People of the Book – Prisoners of war – conversion

21. The Recentering of Islam No hierarchy or formal organization Eventually, the centrality of the caliphate diminished. More focus on education and pilgrimage. Iranians contributed by: 1. 2.