1. World History Sr. Mara Rose, O.P.
The Middle Ages
World History
Sr. Mara Rose, O.P.

2. Break Down Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500
1000
1300
1500
Early Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages

3. Early Middle Ages Rise of the Germanic kingdoms
New system of government: Manorialism
Revival of the Eastern Empire
Carolingian dynasty
Seljuk Turks
1000
500
600
700
800
900
Birth of the prophet Muhammad
St. Benedict found monastery
525
570
Charlemagne becomes emperor
Fall of Rome
Otto I becomes emperor
962
787
Second Council of Nicea
622
Muslim Calendar begins
732
Franks defeat Muslims at Tours

4. High Middle Ages Rise in Feudalism New & better farming techniques
First European universities
Communal enterprises in government
William, duke of Normandy, conquers England
1300
1000
1100
1150
1200
1250
1066
Constantinople falls
Early Middle Ages
Acre falls to the Muslims
1291
1187
Saladin defeats Crusaders
1163
Begin building Notre Dame Cathedral
Late Middle Ages
1095
Pope Urban II calls for the first crusade
1204
1215
King John signs Magna Carta

5. Late Middle Ages The Black Death/Plague
Rise in Literature and literacy
Threat from the east of the Ottoman Empire
Increase in popular piety and religious ideas
Pop-Up Quiz
What were the reasons for the fall of Rome?
Christianity
A series of events
Constantine
High Middle Ages
Avignon papacy begins
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1305
Constantinople falls for the last time
1417
Great Schism Ends
1378
Great Schism begins
Rennaisance
1347
Black Death first appears in Italy
1453

6. Regional Rule, Local Views, 500-750
Chapter 9

7. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
Question of the day: What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?

8. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
Power vacuum: who will fill the void?
Barbarian leaders
Small political units
Independent from former Mediterranean rule
Violent and unstable

9. Three Civilizations, 800
Three civilizations emerged out of the old Roman world: the barbarian kingdoms in western Europe, the Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople, and the Muslims in the south and east.
What might be the consequences of the diversity among Rome’s successors?

11. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
Kingship and Rule in Merovingian Gaul
A Father’s Estate
Consequence: Familial Violence
Warrior Chieftains
Pop-Up Quiz
From your reading: After the Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed, the
a. Emphasis in western Europe was on local rule.
b. Gothic tribes formed a political alliance.
c. Former provinces of the Roman Empire were run by legion commanders.
d. Church stepped in to rule instead of the imperial senate.
The sword hilts pictured here reveal the high quality of Merovingian crafts. The delicate gold leaf on the handle indicates that the king who wielded these weapons used them for display more than for battle.

12. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
The Iberian and Italian Peninsulas
Visigothic Rule in Iberia
Conversion from Arian to Roman Christianity
Conquest by the Muslims, 718
Italy and the Lombards
Tensions with the Church and Pope
Frankish Protection of the Pope
The conversion of the Visigoths from Arian to Roman Christianity made them more acceptable as rulers to the people of the Iberian Peninsula. What does the fortress-like appearance of this church suggest about the role churches sometimes played in the sixth century?

13. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
The Decline of Trade
Economic Changes
Decrease in Luxury Goods
Change from Gold to Silver
Heightened Self-Sufficiency
Fewer Markets
The Decline of Cities
Little Safety in Numbers
Cities in the Italian Peninsula
The Survival of Roman Infrastructure
Pop-Up Quiz
One of the major problems contributing to warfare in Merovingian Gaul was that
All branches of the family were entitled to form their own dynasty
All property was divided equally among descendants, instigating fights for power
They were on the border with the Vandals
There was much intermarriage between clans

14. Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:
What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?

15. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
Chapter 8

16. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
Question of the Day: In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?

17. Remember: Three Civilizations, 800
Think Back/Look Back
In Chapter 7 on page 209 it discusses the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.
Take a minute to look over the text.
Then with your neighbor, take 2 minutes to discuss the differences with the West.

18. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
The Ambitions of Justinian I (r )
Reconquest
The Campaigns of Belisarius ( )
Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula
Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs
The Costs of Empire
Ceremony
Imperial Dignity
Empress Theodora ( )
The Nika Riot, 532

19. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
What does this map reveal about the challenges that confronted Byzantium in its attempts to maintain Justinian’s ambitious reconquest and his plans to restore imperial glory?
During costly campaigns in Justinian’s reign, the Byzantine Empire conquered lands held by several barbarian kingdoms in the west, including Italy.
Justinian’s Empire

20. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
The Search for Christian Unity
Authority
The Mystery of the Mass
The Limitations of Laity
Belief
The Debate over the Nature of Christ
The Condemnation of the Monophysites
Pop-Up Quiz
Which was the most costly of Justinian’s economic expenses?
A. Building fortifications to fend off the Slavs
B. Maintaining armies against Persia
C. Building the Hagia Sophia cathedral
D. Retaking Italy
Pop-Up Quiz
In Justinian's attempts to strengthen the church, in which he considered his power co-equal, he persecuted all of the following except the
Monophysites
Nicenes
Jews
Neoplatonics
The asymmetrical eyes of this life-size icon of Jesus Christ are intended to signal Christ’s dual nature.

21. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
The Codification of Roman Law
The Body of Civil Law
Family Law
The Governance of the Patria Potestas
Commerce
The Regulating Power of Contracts

22. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
Constantinople: The New Rome
The Grandeur of the Hagia Sophia
The Epicenter of Commerce
Bazaars
The Ravages of Bubonic Plague
The immense dome of Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia was meant to instill a sense of awe.

23. The Hagia Sophia
Justinian’s Hagia Sophia dominated the urban landscape of sixth-century Constantinople and still stands out in the skyline of modern Istanbul.

24. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
The Empire after Justinian
New Pressures
Lombards in the West
Avars in the East
Heraclius (r )
Reforms and Stabilization
Victory against the Persians

25. Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:
In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?

26. The Western Church,
Chapter 9

27. Question of the Day: How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

28. The Western Church, 500-800 The Christianization of Northern Europe
Mission to Britain
Pope Gregory I (r ) and Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604)
Aethelbert (r. ca ) and Bertha of Kent
Synod of Whitby, 664
Irish Monks
Columba ( )
Columbanus ( )
Boniface (ca )
Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe and the British Isles. He also wrote theological works that led to his inclusion among the Church Fathers.

29. The Western Church, 500-800 The Bishops The Bishop of Rome
Regional Consultation
Administration: Bishopric/Diocese, Parish, Cathedral
Masses, Tithes, and Dogma
Secular Cooperation
The Bishop of Rome
A Prestigious Office: the Papacy and Papal States
Far-Reaching Claims
The Donation of Constantine

30. The Western Church, 500-800 Monasticism and Learning
A Way of Life and Prayer
Benedict of Nursia (ca )
Rules, the Divine Office, and Cloister
Intellectual Work
Scribes and Illumination
Bede (ca )
Religious Women
Monks spent part of their day walking in silent contemplation around the cloister with their prayer books. In all honesty they did more than that!

31. The Western Church,
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:
How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

32. The Rise of Islam, 600-700 & The Expansion of Islam, 700-800
Chapter 9

33. The Rise & Expansion of Islam
Question of the Day: How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?

34. The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Setting: the Arabian Peninsula
Trade and the Caravans
The Coastal Plain and the Towns
Mecca and the Importance of the Kaaba
The Domination of the Quraysh Tribe

35. The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Life of Muhammad (570-632) Conversion
The Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran)
The Spread of Muhammad’s Message
Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina
The Hejira, 622
Muhammad’s Leadership and Death
During pre-Islamic times the Kaaba in Mecca served as an important destination for religious pilgrims.

36. The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Religious Beliefs
Submission and Obedience to God’s Will
The Five Pillars of Islam
One God—Allah
Prayer
Fasting During Ramadan
Charity
The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca

37. The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Christians and Jews: People of the Book
Contrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority
Treatment of the Dhimmi
Muslim Families
The Practice of Polygamy
Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for Women
The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling
Opportunities: Property Management and Moral Authority

38. The Expansion of Islam, 700-800
The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion
The Umayyad Dynasty
The Schism between Shi’ites and Sunnis
The New Capital in Damascus, 661
Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands
Under the leadership of the caliphs, Islam spread dramatically in the first one hundred years after the death of Muhammad.

39. The Expansion of Islam, 700-800
Conquest in the West
The Conversion of the Berbers
Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of Gibralter
Settlement in Africa and Iberia
Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732
The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at Baghdad
The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba

40. The Expansion of Islam, 700-800
Islamic Civilization
The Influence of Older Cultures and Traditions
Art and Literature
The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca )
Commerce and Urban Life
The Promotion of Trade
Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language
Islamic art and architecture, as depicted in this mosque in Cordoba, Spain, retained their distinctive features throughout the Muslim world.

41. The Expansion of Islam, 700-800
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:
How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?

42. Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900
Chapter 9

43. Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900
Question of the Day:

44. Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900
From Mayor (Major Domo) to King
The Carolingians
Charles Martel ( ), “the Hammer”
Tours, 732
Pepin (r )
Acting Like a King
From King to Emperor
Charlemagne (r )
Reviving the Title of Emperor, 800
Charlemagne, seen here with his wife, was the first ruler in the West to bear the title of emperor in over three hundred years.
What might the difference in the size of Charlemagne and his wife signify besides relative height?

45. Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 800
In the Treaty of Verdun, Charlemagne’s grandsons, Louis the German, Lothar, and Charles the Bald, divided the Frankish kingdom among themselves. They continued the Frankish inheritance custom of dividing kingdoms equally among male heirs.
Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 800
Does the Frankish kingdom seem integrated into the old Mediterranean world or isolated from it?

47. Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900
Imperial Rule
Ministerial Kingship
Counts, Missi Dominici, and Cartularies
A New Capital: Aachen
A Cultural Revival
Alcuin of York (ca )
Liturgy
Seven Liberal Arts
The Partition of Empire
Louis the Pious
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Charlemagne spent nearly his entire reign on military campaign. Late in life, he settled in his capital at Aachen in northern Germany. This bronze statue of Charlemagne on horseback shows him wearing a crown and holding an orb.

48. Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

49. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
Chapter 8

50. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
Questions of the Day:
What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?
What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

51. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
Losses and Reforms
Territorial Decline in the South and West
The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
Military and Administrative Policies
Constans II ( ) and the Creation of Themes
Strengthening Defenses
The Navy and Greek Fire
The Cataphracts
Creating Dissension

52. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
The Waning of Byzantine Society
Plague and Population Collapse
The Decline of Education and Literacy
The Controversy over Icons
Leo III (r ) and the Initiation of Iconoclasm
Icons, like this depiction of Jacob’s ladder from the twelfth century, served as a focus for worship in early Byzantine history, but few survived the period of iconoclasm.

54. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
Irene (ca ): From Regent to Empress
Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm
A Reorientation to the North
The Threat of the Rus
Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca ), Methodius (ca ), and the Cyrillic Alphabet
The Growing Muslim Threat in the South
The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071

55. Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:
What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?
What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

56. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Chapter 9

57. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Question of the Day: Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?

58. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Lords and Vassals
Land Grants (Fiefs) and Fealty in Return for Military Service in Feudal Armies
Peasants and the Manor
Working the Demesne
Serfs: Labor and Limitations
Bailiffs: Peasant Authority on the Manor

59. The Carolingian World
Merchants in Europe never ceased to supply slaves to the Byzantines and Muslims. Captives were sold in the major slave markets of Constantinople, Cordoba, Rome, and Alexandria.

60. In which direction did most trade run
In which direction did most trade run? Which regions did the Vikings raid and which did they settle?

61. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Saracens in the Mediterranean
Vikings in the North
The Danes and Alfred of Wessex (r )
The Norsemen in France
Viking Society: Sagas
Beowulf
Magyars in the East
Defeat at Lechfeld, 955
Seventy feet long and sixteen feet wide, a Viking long ship was capable of navigation over deep-sea water and up shallow river routes. How efficient would a vessel like this have been for carrying crew, provisions, and cargo?

62. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
The Empire Under Otto (r )
Religious Authority
Conquest
Provincial Administration: Dukes
The isolated setting of the monastery at Conques in southwestern France is typical of monasteries seeking refuge from invaders and warlords.

63. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day: Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?

64. Work Cited
Making Europe: The Story of the West. Kidner, Bucer, Mathisen McKee, and Weeks. Cengage Learning. (Boston, 2009).