Developing a Vast Wilderness Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation. Canadian fur trapper. NEXT

History and Government of Canada Section 1 History and Government of Canada 7 slides NEXT

• After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia SECTION 1 The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples • After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia - Eskimos & North American Indians • Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; Continued . . . NEXT

• French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France” SECTION 1 continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Colonization by France and Britain • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France” • Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries • Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763) NEXT

• In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces SECTION Steps Toward Unity 1 Establishing the Dominion of Canada • In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces - Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant - Lower Canada (Quebec) French-speaking, Roman Catholic • Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto Continued . . . NEXT

• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act SECTION continued Steps Toward Unity 1 Establishing the Dominion of Canada • Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act - creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union) - self-governing part of British Empire NEXT

• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver SECTION 1 Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver • European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters - copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads NEXT

• Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing Urban and Industrial Growth • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing - within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation • Canada becomes major economic power in 20th century

- prime minister, leader of government, is majority party leader SECTION Governing Canada 1 The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic leader • - parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions - prime minister, leader of government, is majority party leader • All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) - federal government administers the territories NEXT

Economy and Culture of Canada Section 2 Economy and Culture of Canada 8 slides NEXT

• Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations: SECTION 2 An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade • Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations: - begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast • Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts Continued . . . NEXT

• Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy Canada’s Primary Industries • Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product - Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest products • Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver • Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported Continued . . . NEXT

• 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Manufacturing Sector • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP - make cars, steel, appliances, equipment - centered in heartland, from Quebec City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario Continued . . . NEXT

• Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy Service Industries Drive the Economy • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP - finance, utilities, trade, transportation, communication, insurance - land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest growing service • Heavy trade with U.S. NEXT

• Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture SECTION 2 A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions • Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture • Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec • English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash Continued . . . NEXT

• Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) SECTION 2 continued A Land of Many Cultures Canada’s Population • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) • Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas - 75% of French Canadians live inQuebec - many native peoples live on reserves - most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north NEXT

• Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population SECTION 2 Life in Canada Today Employment and Education • Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population • Labor force is 55% men, 45% women • Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French • Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Continued . . . NEXT

• Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting SECTION 2 continued Life in Canada Today Sports and Recreation • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting - Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues • Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede Continued . . . NEXT

Section 3 Subregions of Canada 7 slides NEXT

• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: SECTION Subregions of Canada 3 The Atlantic Provinces Harsh Lands and Small Populations • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: - Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Only 8% of Canada’s population lives there • Most people live in coastal cities • Newfoundland has severe storms Continued . . . NEXT

• New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging SECTION 3 continued The Atlantic Provinces Economic Activities • New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging • Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood • Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power NEXT

• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608 SECTION 3 The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608 • 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec - Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area Continued . . . NEXT

• Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life SECTION 3 continued The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario Canada’s Political and Economic Center • Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life • Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing • Toronto the largest city, Montreal second largest NEXT

• Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta SECTION 3 The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket • Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta • 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output Continued . . . NEXT

• British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains SECTION 3 The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains - 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, • Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver • Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power Continued . . . NEXT

• Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate SECTION 3 continued The Pacific Province and the Territories The Territories • Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate - Yukon mostly wilderness - Northwest Territories extends into Arctic - Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999 as a home to the Inuit NEXT