Struggle for Power in the West: -1215: Pope Innocent III & Fourth Lateran Council Local Bishops should seek out all heresies and destroy them. - Pilgrimages.

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Presentation transcript:

Struggle for Power in the West:

-1215: Pope Innocent III & Fourth Lateran Council Local Bishops should seek out all heresies and destroy them. - Pilgrimages increased - highest act of personal devotion, imitation of monastic life, penance for sinners : Seljuk Turks conquer Asia Minor, Byzantine Empire reduced by half : Turks take Jerusalem; pilgrimages stop - East appeals to Pope Gregory VII; no response - Jews & Christians allowed as self-regulated units - Sons of Christians forced into Islam and Janissaries : Pope Urban II & Council of Clermont

1st Crusade: Called by Pope Urban II. “It is the will of God that churches of the West and East be restored.” 3. Led by Bishop Adhemar of Puy & Peter the Hermit. 4. Plan to take Holy sites & Jerusalem. Went first to Constantinople. 5. Action: Nicea in 1097, Antioch in 1098, Jerusalem in : Knights Templar founded in Jerusalem.

2nd Crusade: Called by Pope Eugene III. 3. Led by King Louis VII of France & King Conrad III of Germany. 4. Plan to take back Holy sites & Jerusalem. 5. Action: Both Western armies defeated.

3rd Crusade: Called by Pope Gregory VIII. 3. Led by King Philip II of France, Emperor Frederick I and Richard the Lionhearted. 4. Plan to take Holy sites & Jerusalem. 5. Action: Frederick drowned. Richard captured & ransomed. Treaty allowed muslims to retain Jerusalem, but permitting pilgrimages.

4th Crusade: Called by Pope Innocent III. 3. Led by Count Boniface of Montferrat & Cardinal Peter of Puy. 4. Plan to conquer Egypt and then Jerusalem. 5. Action: Venetians changed purpose. Went to Constantinople instead and sacked the city.

“Children’s” Crusade: Apparently spontaneous; included all ages. 3. Leadership unknown. 4. Plan unknown. 5. Action: Thousands traveled to Marseilles; ~75% dying on way. Most of remainder sold into slavery

5th Crusade: Called by Pope Innocent III & Pope Honorius III. 3. Led by King Andrew of Hungary & Duke Leopold of Austria. 4. Plan to conquer Egypt and then Jerusalem. 5. Action: Defeated in Egypt.

6th Crusade: Called by Pope Honorius III. 3. Led by Emperor Frederick II. 4. Plan to conquer Egypt and then Jerusalem. 5. Action: Frederick settled with the Sultan of Egypt, taking Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth. Frederick proclaimed himself King of Jerusalem. Cities soon lost.

7th Crusade: Called by Pope Innocent IV & Emperor Frederick II. 3. Led by King Louis IX of France. 4. Plan to conquer Egypt and then Jerusalem. 5. Action: Defeated in Egypt. Louis captured and ransomed.

8th Crusade: Called by King Louis IX. 3. Led by King Louis IX & Prince Edward of England. 4. Plan to conquer Tunis, then Egypt, then Jerusalem. 5. Action: Louis & many died of disease in Egypt. Crusade abandoned.

Results of the Crusades: 1. No permanent conquests of the Holy Lands. 2. No slowing of the spread of Islam. 3. Hastening of the disintegration of the Eastern Empire. 4. Hardening of schism between Eastern and Western Christianity. 5. Greater enmity between Christianity and Islam. 6. Growth of the authority of the medieval papacy.

The Eastern Perspective: 1. Crowning of an independent emperor (Charlemagne) by the pope broke unity between East and West. 2. To have unilaterally changed the Nicene Creed was an insult to the Ecumenical Councils and to the Holy Spirit. 3. Western use of unleavened bread in Divine Liturgy was an insult to the Holy Spirit, as leavening symbolized His presence. 4. The sacking of Constantinople (4th Crusade) was reprehensible.