1. Get a sheet of paper and answer the following question:
Can something be a success and a failure?
Explain
Any examples?

2. The Crusades History’s Most Successful FAILURE

3. During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church had risen in power
Background
During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church had risen in power
After the fall of Rome, the Eastern portion of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

4. Many were uncertain where life would lead them and many tragic events lead people to have a higher believe in GOD (Rise of Christianity)

5. The Division of Christianity
Because of the distance & lack of contact between Byzantine Empire & Western Europe, Christianity developed differently
All Christians based their faith on Jesus & the Bible
But they had different practices to show their faith

6. The Division of Christianity
Christians were organized the same way:
Archbishops & bishops oversaw regions where Christianity was practiced
Priests led individual churches
But, Christians in the East & West disagreed over leadership of the Church

7. The Division of Christianity
Christians in Western Europe:
Believed that there should be a Pope to oversee bishops & give authority to all Christians
Christians in Western Europe accepted the authority of the Pope

8. The Division of Christianity
Christians in Eastern Europe:
Believed that the Byzantine Emperor had authority over issues involving Christianity
Byzantine emperors relied on a Patriarch to oversee the church, but the emperor had final authority
Christians in the Byzantine Empire did not accept the authority of the Pope

9. The Division of Christianity
One of the biggest controversies among Christians was the use of icons:
Icons were religious images to help Christians in their prayers & worship
Some Christians thought this was “idol worship”
In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned icons & many Christians rioted

10. The Pope excommunicated the emperor (kicked him out of the church)
Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of icons in the Byzantine Empire
Riots broke out between people who wanted icons & iconoclasts (those who wanted to ban icons)
The Pope excommunicated the emperor (kicked him out of the church)
The Pope in Western Europe supported the use of icons & called the Byzantine Emperor a heretic (a believer of false ideas)

11. The Division of Christianity
These disagreements led to deep divisions among Christians & the Great Schism (split) occurred in 1054:

12. The Division of Christianity
Christians in Western Europe became the Roman Catholic Church
Christians in Eastern Europe became the Eastern Orthodox Church

13. The Division of Christianity
Roman Catholics & Eastern Orthodox Christians practice their regions differently:

15. Background- Causes
Jerusalem was a holy land for the Christians and each year many come to visit (pilgrimages)
The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled that land and the amount of visitors grew too much that they began not allowing visitors
It was also believed that the increase in Muslim power would threaten the Byzantine Capital of Constantinople

16. Jerusalem

18. Pope Urban II and his call
1093- Byzantine Emperor Alexius wanted help to save Constantinople from Turks  asks Church
1095- Pope Urban II issues a call for a “holy” war or Crusade to capture the Holy land (Palestine) back from Muslims
Pope assured that those that die in Crusade will have a place in Heaven

19. GOAL: Crusades  recapture the holy land from Muslims

20. Map of Crusades

22. 1st Crusade- 1096 Crusaders capture Jerusalem
1187- Jerusalem falls back to Muslim rule

23. Crusade # 2
Fails to recapture city

24. Third Crusade Led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England
Despite war, eventually they came to a truce with Saladin, leader of Muslims
Christians (unarmed) would be allowed in city

25. The Crusades = 7-8 total
The next 4 were unsuccessful in recapturing city.
But there were other crusades….

26. Children’s Crusade - 1212 20,000 – 30,000 children went out
Most died of disease, starvation and others were sold to slavery

27. Spanish Crusade- The Inquisition 1400
kick Muslims/ non Christians out of Spain
Reconquisita- Re –conquering of Spain
Inquisition – court used to suppress heresy (anyone different from teachings of Church)
Like a witch hunt against those not Christians

29. Why did the Crusades fail?
After the 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less emphasis on winning
People soon became about making money and getting goods
Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic

30. Effects of Crusades Showed power of Church
Increased trading between East and West
--> will lead to massive Cultural Diffusion
Lead to the Commercial Revolution
Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually falls to Turks

31. Effect of Crusades Increased trading helped business flourish
Merchants increased

32. The growth of Trade:
As time passed trade began to expand and business began to grow leading to the Commercial Revolution

33. Why did business start picking up?

34. Guild System
Protected businesses and allowed them to grow

35. What was traded?
- cloth
- dyes
- leather

36. How will increased trading effect society?
-More $$ available
-Merchants get increased power taxes increase to king King no longer need to give land for loyalty, instead can give money
-Growth of cities
Move back to cities to trade

37. Results of Commercial Revolution
Businesses grow
End of Feudalism decline/ Serfdom  kings gain power
Trading increases  Age of exploration??
Banking
Growth of merchants and middle class

38. So do we need feudalism to keep people loyal?
Commercial revolution means end of feudalism
People can live and survive without farming

39. Banking is fixed Fixing the “coinage” problem:
-Merchants developed notes of credit