Chapter 38 Reproduction

Oviduct Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Urethra Clitoris X X Cervix Rectum Vagina Female -- Lateral View

Ovary Uterus Uterine cavity Cervix Vagina Immature follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Released egg Oviduct Female -- Frontal Section/Ovary Enlargement

Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland (alkaline fluid) Penis Erectile tissue Urethra Foreskin Glans Rectum Seminal vesicle (fructose) Bulbo- urethral gland (alkaline fluid) Epididymis (sperms mature) Testis (sperms + hormone) Scrotum (lined with invol- untary smooth muscles) Male -- Lateral View

Sperm Cell

Head Tail Acrosome (with enzymes to help penetrate egg) Nucleus (with DNA) Mitochondria (about 200 provide ATP for swimming)

Vas deferens (Vasectomy cut) Testis Penis Sperm-producing tubules Seminal vesicle (mucous & fructose) Bulbourethral glands (clear, sticky, alkaline) Urethra Sperm-producing tubule X Sperms (300 million/day) Epididymis Prostate gland (helps sperm move & survive) Male -- Frontal Section & Tubule Enlargement

Hypothalamus Signals the Anterior Pitutary using Releasing Hormones GnRh - a releasing hormone Specific pituitary hormone

Role of sex hormones Puberty: time when secondary sex characteristics begin to appear in humans Males: Hypothalamus (releasing hormone) to pituitary, which releases... –FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): acts on “tubule cells” in testes to stimulate the making of sperm; –LH (Luteinizing Hormone): acts on endocrine cells in testes to produce testosterone (promotes secondary sex characteristics) Regulated by negative feedback pathway –Sufficient testosterone causes pituitary to stop secreting LH

Hormone Control in MALES by Negative Feedback

Females Pituitary Ovary Ovary events Inner uterine lining Muscle wall Ovulation (Glands, blood vessels, connective tissues) – > LH surge + Flow Follicular Luteal > –

Hormone Control in FEMALES by Negative Feedback

Fertilization Developing placenta

Menopause = time when female stops producing eggs and her ovaries produce less and less estrogen. [Males do not have an equivalent of female menopause.]

Gamete Production in Gonads Spermatogenesis Primary Spermatocyte Secondary Spermatocytes Spermatids Mature Sperm cells Meiosis II Oogenesis 1st Polar Body Primary Oocyte Secondary Oocyte 2nd Polar body Meiosis I Zygote Completed only if fertilization occurs

Which twins will be identical, fraternal? From 1 egg From 2 eggs

Cleavage

Twins can begin as a single egg or two separate eggs. 1st cleavage (mitosis) Spontaneous separation 1 egg from each ovary 2-cell embryo 4- cell embryo 2-cell embryo 4-cell embryo IdenticalFraternal

Gastulation

3-D ultrasound

Development 3 tissue layers

End It’s time for TEST Review

Easy questions

Question 1 What is the effect of LH on females during puberty? A. It stimulates the development of a follicle in the ovary. B. It stimulates the follicle to rupture and release an egg into the oviduct. C. It stimulates the follicle to mature into the corpus luteum. D. It stimulates the fetus to finish maturation of the body systems.

Question 2 What is the effect of FSH on males during puberty? A. It initiates sperm production. B. It causes the various glands to secrete fluids into the semen. C. It stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. D. It causes sperm maturation in the epididymis.

Question 3 Which hormone produces secondary sex characteristics in females? A. follicle stimulating hormone B. testosterone C. estrogen D. insulin

Question 4 Where are sperm produced? A. vas deferens B. epididymis C. prostate gland D. testes

Medium Difficulty questions

Question 1 A women with a 28-day menstrual cycle has just missed her second menstrual flow because she is pregnant. How many days has the embryo been developing? A.28 days B. 42 days C. 56 days D. 70 days

Question 2 If a male is in an accident that damages his pituitary gland, which of the following events would still occur? A. production of testosterone B. secretion of FSH C. production of sperm D. signaling of the pituitary by the hypothalamus

Question 3 Continual injections of which of the following hormones would prevent a female from having a menstrual flow? A.human growth hormone B. progesterone C. LH D. FSH

Question 4 Release of the egg from the ovary would not occur if which of the following hormones were missing. A.estrogen B. progesterone C. FSH D. LH

Question 5 When would a blood sample from a male contain the highest level of testosterone? A.after the release of sperm cells B. after the release of FSH C. after the release of LH D. after a meal high in sugar

Difficult questions

Question 1 A female with Turner's syndrome never develops functioning ovaries. Without any medical intervention, which of the following would occur? A.She would never grow taller. B. She would never produce mature eggs. C. She would have to take insulin shots. D. She would have no effects.

Question 2 After ovulation, the egg lives only about 2 days. During what time period could a women become pregnant if she has a 28-day cycle? A.0-6 days B days C days D days

Question 3 Ovaries are to eggs as testes are to A. epididymis B. zygotes C. embryos D. sperm

Do well on your test, be sure you know all the anatomy:) That’s all...