1. Reproduction
Sections 6.6 – 11.4

2. Female Reproductive System
6.6.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FHS, LH and estrogen and progesterone Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show the location and function of germinal epithelium, primary follicles, mature follicle and secondary oocyte Outline the process involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of the cytoplasm and the degeneration of the polar body

3. 6.1.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems.

4. Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora
Figure 46.10
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
(Rectum)
Urethra
Cervix
Body
Vagina
Glans
Clitoris
Prepuce
Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening
Oviduct
Ovaries
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female.
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterus
Uterine wall
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina

5. Female Reproductive System

6. Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora
Figure 46.10a
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
(Rectum)
Urethra
Cervix
Body
Vagina
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female.
Glans
Clitoris
Prepuce
Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening

8. Posterior Pituitary
The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) releases hormones produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
These cells extend from the hypothalamus into the posterior lobe and release hormones into the bloodstream in response to nerve signals
An example of a hormone released from the posterior pituitary is anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

9. Anterior Pituitary
The hypothalamus synthesizes hormones called releasing factors, which are released into the portal vein that extends to the anterior lobe
The releasing factors cause endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant cells
An example of a releasing factor is GnRH, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary

10. 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH, LH and estrogen and progesterone
Pituitary Hormones:
FHS (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) stimulates these changes:
Development of the oocyte in the follicle (follicle contains the oocyte)
Thickening of the follicle wall
Secretion of follicular fluid
Secretion of estrogen by follicle wall
LH (Leutenizing Hormone) stimulates these changes:
Completion of meiosis in the oocyte
Partial digestion of the follicle wall allowing it to burst open (ovulation)
Growth of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone

11. OVULATION

12. Estrogen- secreted by the developing follicles:
Thickening of endometrium
Blood vessels growth in the endometrium
Increase in FSH receptors in follicle
Inhibition of FSH secretion and stimulation of LH secretion estrogen levels are high
Progesterone released from the corpus leutium, causes these changes
maintenance of thickening of the endometrium with many blood vessels
Inhibition of FSH and LH

13. 6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormonal levels and ovulation , menstruation and thickening of the endometrium

14. Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13
(a)
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus 
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1
GnRH 
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol  2
FSH LH
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH
FSH 3
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle 7 8
Growing follicle
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4
(d)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge (see ) 5 6
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. 10
Estradiol 9
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

15. Figure 46.13a
1. Reproduction begins with release of GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
(a)
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus 
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol  1
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol 
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. 2
FSH LH
2. FSH and LH Release

16. Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13b
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH
FSH 3
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle 7 8
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Growing follicle
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

17. 3. FS stimulates the follicle growth aided by LH 4
3. FS stimulates the follicle growth aided by LH 4. the cells of growing follicles begin to make estradiol. 5. when estradiol secretion by the growing follicle begins to rise steeply, 6. the FSH and LH levels increase Low levels of estradiol inhibits the secretion GnRH and High level increase release of GnRH (positive feedback) 7. The maturing follicle, containing a fluid filled cavity, enlarges, forming a bulge near the surface of the ovary. The follicle phase ends with ovulation [about a day after the spike], releasing the secondary oocyte

18. Luteal phase: after the release of the oocyte, LH triggers the follicle to the transformed into corpus luteum, a glandular structure.
The corpus luteum secreted progesterone and estradiol which leads to negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary – thus preventing the stimulation of another egg
Eventually LH and FSH levels drop, GnRH drops and this leads to the degeneration of the corpus luteum
Degeneration in the corpus luteum triggers the reduction in estradiol and progesterone which leads to the cycle beginning again
Endometrium is sloughed away (menstruation)
No longer inhibited, FSH can start menstrual cycle again
If fertilization of egg occurs, the zygote releases a hormone (hCG) which maintains the corpus luteum

19. Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Figure 46.13c
Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4
(d)
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge (see ) 6 5 10 9
Estradiol
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.
Endometrium
(e)
Menstrual flow phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

20. Outline the process involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of the cytoplasm and the degeneration of the polar body
Oogenesis describes the production of female gametes (ova) within the ovary
The process begins during fetal development, when a large number of cells (oogonia) are formed by mitosis before undergoing a period of growth
These cells begin meiosis but are arrested in prophase I until puberty
At puberty, some follicles continue to develop each month is response to FSH secretion
These follicles complete the first meiotic division to form two cells of unequal size

21. The cell with less cytoplasm is a polar body (which degenerates), while the larger cell forms a secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division but is arrested in prophase II (until fertilization)
It is released from the ovary (ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum) and, if fertilization occurs, will complete meiosis (5:42)
The second meiotic division will produce an ovum and a second polar body

23. 11.4.4 Annotate a diagram of the ovary that show the location and function of:
Germinal epithelium
Primary follicles
Mature follicle
Secondary ooctye

24. The ovary contains follicles in various stages of development
Egg cells within primordial follicles have been arrested in prophase I and have yet to undergo meiotic division
Egg cells within mature follicles have begun meiotic division and are released from the ovary as secondary oocytes (arrested in prophase II)
The ruptured follicle develops into a corpus luteum that will, in time, degenerate into a corpus albicans
The germline epithelium functions as an epithelial layer separating ovarian tissue from the rest of the body - it is not involved in oocyte development

26. Male Reproductive System
6.6.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems List three roles of testosterone Annotate a light micrograph of the testis tissue to show the location and the function of the interstitial cells (Leydig), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa Outline the process involved in spermatogenesis within the testis including: mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, and cell differentiation State the role of LH, testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis Draw and label a diagram of mature sperm and egg Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicles and the prostate gland in the production of semen.

27. Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
Figure 46.11a
Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
(Urinary bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male.
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis

28. (Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Figure 46.11b
(Urinary bladder)
Seminal vesicle
(Urinary duct)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Vas deferens
Erectile tissue
Ejaculatory duct
Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male.
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens
Glans
Epididymis
Testis
Prepuce
Scrotum

30. 6.6.4 List three roles of testosterone
Pre-natal development of male genitalia
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Maintenance of sex drive (libido)
Anabolic activity leads to increase body mass

31. 11.4.2 Outline the process involved in spermatogenesis within the testis including:
Mitosis
Cell growth
Meiosis (both phases)
Cell differentiation
Spermatogenesis (5:38):

32. These haploid cells then differentiate to form sperm cells
Spermatogenesis describes the production of spermatozoa (sperm) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
The first stage of sperm production requires the division of germline epithelium by mitosis
These cells (spermatogonia) then undergo a period of growth
This is followed by two meiotic divisions that result in four haploid daughter cells
These haploid cells then differentiate to form sperm cells
The developing sperm cells are nourished throughout by the Sertoli cells

34. Sperm production
“Germ Cells” Spermatogonoia (2n) mitosis Primary spermatocyte meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte(1n) meiosis II Spermatids (Spermatozoa) Maturation produces spermatozoa (1n gametes) ( million sperm/ejaculation)

35. 11.4.1 Annotate a light micrograph of the testis tissue to show the location and the function of the
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) - produce the male sex hormone, testosterone 
Germinal epithelium: germ cells, spermatogonia (2n), divides by mitosis to make 1⁰ spermatocytes.
Germ cells will divide by meiosis to make spermatozoa)
Developing spermatozoa
Sertoli cells – nourish developing spermatozoa

38. Testes
40X magnification

40. A. Spermatozoa (mature spermatocytes)
B. Spermatogonium
C. Provides Nourishment for the developing cell
D. produce the male sex hormone, testosterone 

42. 11.4.3 State the role of LH, Testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis
LH:  Stimulates the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) to produce testosterone
FSH:  Stimulates the (first) meiotic division of spermatogonia
Testosterone:  Stimulates the (second) meiotic division of spermatogonia and the maturation of spermatozoa through differentiation

43.  Hypothalamus GnRH   Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback
Figure 46.14 
Hypothalamus
GnRH  
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
Figure Hormonal control of the testes.
Inhibin
Spermatogenesis
Testosterone
Testis

44. 11.4.6 Draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm and egg
Figure 46.12ac
Draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm and egg
Neck
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Plasma membrane
Acrosome
Nucleus
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Mitochondria

46. 11.4.7 Outline the role of each in regards to production of semen:
Epididymus
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland

47. Testicular fluids are removed, concentrating the sperm
Epididymis
Testicular fluids are removed, concentrating the sperm
Sperm mature and develop the ability to swim
It stores the sperm for 2–3 months.
Final maturation is completed in the female reproductive tract.
A. Head of epididymis, B. Body of epididymis, C. Tail of epididymis, and D. Vas deferens

48. Seminal Vesicle
Adds nutrients (including fructose) for respiration
Secretes prostaglandins, causing contractions to the female system and helping sperm move towards the egg
Prostate Gland
Secretes alkaline fluid which neutralizes vaginal acids (changes pH from 4 to 6 which aids sperm motility)

49. Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria
Figure 46.12ac
Neck
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Plasma membrane
Acrosome
Nucleus
Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis
Mitochondria

50. Compare the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gamets.