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Reproduction
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Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora
Figure 46.10a Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Pubic bone) (Rectum) Urethra Cervix Body Vagina Glans Clitoris Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female. Prepuce Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora Vaginal opening
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Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall
Figure 46.10b Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall Endometrium Cervix Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human female. Vagina
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Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I
Figure 46.12bb Primordial germ cell In embryo Mitotic divisions 2n Oogonium Mitotic divisions Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II First polar body n n Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II Ovulation, sperm entry Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Completion of meiosis II Second polar body n Fertilized egg n
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Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13 (a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Hypothalamus Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1 GnRH Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of estradiol 2 FSH LH (b) Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH FSH 3 FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation (c) Ovarian cycle 7 8 Growing follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Maturing follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4 (d) Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge (see ) 5 6 Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. 10 Estradiol 9 Progesterone Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium (e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
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Control by hypothalamus
Figure 46.13a (a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Hypothalamus Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1 GnRH Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of estradiol 2 FSH LH Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female.
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Degenerating corpus luteum
Figure 46.13b (b) Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH FSH 3 FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation (c) Ovarian cycle 7 8 Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Growing follicle Maturing follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
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Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts
Figure 46.13c Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4 (d) Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge (see ) 6 5 10 9 Estradiol Progesterone Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium (e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle Figure The reproductive cycle of the human female. Endometrium (e) Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
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(Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Figure 46.11b (Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Vas deferens Erectile tissue Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male. Urethra Penis Bulbourethral gland Vas deferens Glans Epididymis Testis Prepuce Scrotum
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Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte
Figure 46.12aa Epididymis Seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell nucleus Spermato- gonium Primary spermatocyte Testis Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte Spermatids (two stages) Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Sperm cell Lumen of seminiferous tubule
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Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions
Figure 46.12ab Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions Spermatogonial stem cell 2n Mitotic divisions Spermatogonium 2n Mitotic divisions Primary spermatocyte 2n Meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte n n Meiosis II Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Early spermatid n n n n Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients) Sperm cell n n n n
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Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria
Figure 46.12ac Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Figure Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Mitochondria
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Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback
Figure 46.14 Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback Negative feedback Sertoli cells Leydig cells Figure Hormonal control of the testes. Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone Testis
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Seminal vesicle (behind bladder)
Figure 46.11a Seminal vesicle (behind bladder) (Urinary bladder) Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Erectile tissue of penis Figure Reproductive anatomy of the human male. Scrotum Vas deferens Epididymis Testis
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(a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure 46.15 3 Cleavage 4 Cleavage continues Ovary 2 Fertilization Uterus 5 Implantation 1 Ovulation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation Figure Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events. Endometrium Inner cell mass Cavity Blastocyst Trophoblast (b) Implantation of blastocyst
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Basal body (centriole)
Figure Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane
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Basal body (centriole)
Figure Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane
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Basal body (centriole)
Figure Sperm nucleus Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane
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Basal body (centriole)
Figure Sperm plasma membrane Sperm nucleus Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Fused plasma membranes Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane
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Fertilization envelope
Figure Sperm plasma membrane Sperm nucleus Fertilization envelope Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Cortical granule Fused plasma membranes Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Perivitelline space Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors EGG CYTOPLASM Egg plasma membrane
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(a) From ovulation to implantation
Figure 46.15 3 Cleavage 4 Cleavage continues Ovary 2 Fertilization Uterus 5 Implantation 1 Ovulation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation Figure Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events. Endometrium Inner cell mass Cavity Blastocyst Trophoblast (b) Implantation of blastocyst
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(a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula
Figure 47.6 50 m (a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula (d) Later blastula Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm embryo.
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from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Figure 46.18 Estradiol Oxytocin from ovaries from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary Activates oxytocin receptors on uterus Stimulates uterus to contract Positive feedback Stimulates placenta to make Prostaglandins Figure Positive feedback in labor. Stimulate more contractions of uterus
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