Chapter 26 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China World Civilizations: The Global Experience Stearns, Adas, Schwartz, Gilbert

Ottoman Decline Weak rulers Provinces stole money from the Sultan and peasants Artisans competing with Europe – many people become dependent on European goods Unable to keep up with European weaponry – begin to lose land possessions

Ottoman Decline Main threats –Austria – took back Hungary/northern Balkans –Russia – took lands in Caucasus, Crimea Threatened Istanbul –Greeks – independence in 1830 –Serbia – revolt in 1804, independence in 1867

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Survival British worried about Russia gaining Istanbul – helped Ottomans survive First reforms blocked by janissaries – overthrow and kill sultan responsible (Selim III).

Survival Mahmud II secretly trained a new military – caused Janissaries to revolt and slaughtered them, families, allies. Began to westernize – brought in western military advisors Tanzimat Reforms –Education, postal/telegraph, railways, newspapers, Constitution Artisans, women did not benefit

Repression and Revolt The west began to see the Sultan as a barrier –The Sultan pushed back and became an absolute ruler Took back many of the reforms Continued Westernization in military – railroad to Berlin (lots of contact with Germany) – The Young Turks overthrow the regime – restore 1876 constitution Arabs still under Ottoman control

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Islamic Heartlands Egypt ruled by Mamluks – slave armies that were vassals of the Ottoman sultans –Lost to Napoleon – British saved them Muhammad Ali –Westernization of military –Defeated Ottomans in Syria, threat to Istanbul –Tried to reform economy – Europe opposed Caused famine among peasants, dependency on one crop –Descendants intermarried with Turks – known as khedives until 1952 (Nasser takes over).

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Islamic Heartlands Dependency on cotton leads to debt Europe lent money – Egypt can’t pay back Britain decides to take Egypt, build Suez Canal –Connects Mediterranean/Red Seas –Very important to Britain – access to India –Britain also helped to quell a rebellion against the khedive in 1882.

Islamic Heartlands Egypt in the Sudan –Repressive, tried to end slave trade –Muhammad Achmad promised to purge Islam of superstitions, esp. by the Egyptians – rebelled against them. –Mahdist rebellion defeated Egyptians – Mahdi died – found successor, though – Khalifa Abdallahi –No match for Britain, though Battle of Omdurman – 1898 – British victory

Qing China Manchus lived north of the Great Wall. Brought in to quell rebellion (1644) – end up seizing Beijing Proclaim Qing Dynasty

Qing China Retain Ming political system Add Confucian rituals to calendar Ming scholars still in office Retained examination system Retained Son of Heaven

Qing China Social System –Remained hierarchical –Women still confined –Lower class women still worked in fields –Instances of female infanticide Economy –Taxes lowered –Infrastructure rebuilt –Gap between rich and poor increases –International trade increases – silver flows into China

Qing Decline Late 18 th Century –Exam system corrupt –Infrastructure needs repair –British introduce Indian opium into China to reverse the flow of silver 1% of population addicted (of 400 million people) –China tries to repel British – Opium War China’s ships no match for British Britain wins trading rights in many Chinese cities Hong Kong given to Britain Forced to accept ambassadors

Qing Decline Taiping Rebellion –Against the Qing Dynasty –Europeans backed the Qing –Eventually dispelled Cixi –Dowager Empress –Refused Reform Boxer Rebellion (1898) –Against foreigners Crushed in 1901 – greater European control

Qing Decline Secret societies, students, and military mutinies finally caused the Qing to fall (1911) –Puyi, the last emperor of China, was deposed (1912)

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