1. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
European nations expand their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states.

2. Ottoman Empire Loses Power
After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline
Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology
Selim III attempts to modernize army and is overthrown
Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence
European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands

3. Europeans Grab Territory
Geopolitics
Geopolitics –taking land for its strategic location or products
Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands
Russia and the Crimean War
Crimean War –Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm- water port
Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land

4. Europeans Grab Territory
The Great Game –war waged between Russia and Britain over India
Battles fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881

5. Egyptians Initiate Reforms
Military and Economic Reforms
Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt
Begins series of reforms in military and economy
Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops

6. Egyptians Initiate Reforms
The Suez Canal
Egypt builds Suez Canal – human-made waterway
Connects Red Sea to Mediterranean
Modernization efforts create huge debt
British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882

7. Persia Pressured to Change
The Exploitation of Persia
Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean
Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan
Persia concedes to Western businesses
Battle over Tobacco
Persian rulers sells concession to Britain to export tobacco
Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots
In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and divide Persia between them

8. Examining the Political Cartoons

9. British Imperialism in India
As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seizes Indian territory and soon it controls almost the whole subcontinent

10. British Expand Control over India
East India Company Dominates
British East India Company rules India until 1850s
Company has its own army led by British officers
Army is staffed by sepoys –Indian soldiers

11. British Expand Control over India
Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”
India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown”
Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing
Also forced to buy British goods

13. British Expand Control over India
British Transport Trade Goods
Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
Trade in specific crops is tied to international events
Impact of Colonialism
British hold much of political and economic power
Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine
Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes
British modernize India’s economy, improve public health

14. The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Turning Point
Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons
Many sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British
Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain royal to British
Turning Point
British put down rebellion, take direct command of India
Raj –refers to British rule after India came under the British crown
Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians

15. Nationalism Surfaces in India
Call for Reforms
In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization movement
Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms
Indians resent being second-class citizens in own country
Nationalists Groups Form
Indian National Congress and Muslim League form
Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal
Pressure forces Britain to divide it differently

16. China Resists Outside Influence
Western economic pressure forces China to
open to foreign trade and influence.

17. China and the West Rejecting Western Goods
In 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador
China is strong politically because it is largely self- sufficient
agriculture, mining, manufacturing sectors highly productive

18. China and the West The Tea-Opium Connection
Guangzhou, southern port, is only port open to foreign trade
China earns more from its exports than it spends on imports
British smuggle opium (late 1700s); many Chinese become addicted

19. China and the West War Breaks Out
In 1839, Opium War erupts—fight caused by opium trade
China loses the war to more modern British navy
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong
In 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights
Rights mean foreigners exempt from laws at Guangzhou, other ports

20. Growing Internal Problems
Population Problems
China’s population booms from 1790 to 1850
Crop yields do not grow as fast, producing widespread hunger, unrest
The Taiping Rebellion
In late 1830s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China
Taiping Rebellion—name given Hong’s movement; taiping— “great peace”
In 1850s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast
By 1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting, outside attack

21. Foreign Influence Grows
Resistance to Change
Dowager Empress Cixi rules China most years from to 1908
Supports reforms aimed at education, government, military
Otherwise prefers traditional ways

22. Foreign Influence Grows
Other Nations Step In
China suffers attacks from other nations; forced to grant more rights
Europeans, Japan gain spheres of influence—areas of economic control
U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899)
Chinese trade open to all nations

23. Foreign Influence Grows

24. An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Growing Dissension
Many Chinese resent growing power of outsiders, press for change
In 1898, Emperor Guangxu enacts reforms; Cixi, restored, ends them

25. An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
The Boxer Rebellion
Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization
In 1900, they launch Boxer Rebellion—their campaign for reforms
Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending rebellion
Though rebellion fails, Chinese nationalism surges

26. An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
The Beginnings of Reform
Cixi and other conservatives recognize necessity of reform
In 1905, she sends officials abroad to study other governments
In 1906, Cixi begins making reforms but they move slowly
Unrest continues for four more decades