P LANTS AND A NIMALS Structure Metabolism Reproduction Phyla/Classes

P LANTS – S TRUCTURE AND M ETABOLISM Structure made up of eukaryotic cells multicellular stationary cell wall made of cellulose land plants contain cuticles covering the epidermis produced by epidermal tissue cuticles are waxy substances that coat the plant to prevent water loss have guard cells in epidermal tissue that create stomata – openings that allow gasses to be exchanged with the environment Metabolism autotrophic contain chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place

P LANTS – R EPRODUCTION asexual/sexual reproduction – alternation of generations

P LANTS – R EPRODUCTION

P LANTS - P HYLA PhylumCharacteristicsExamples bryophytes simplest land plants do not contain vascular tissue (use for transportation of water and nutrients throughout the plant) do not produce seeds live in wet environments grow only a few centimetres off the ground mosses lycophytes contain vascular tissue made from lignin do not produce seeds live in wet environments have upright stems with many small leaves club mosses spike mosses pterophytes contain vascular tissue made from lignin do not produce seeds live in wet environments have upright stems with many small leaves ferns

P LANTS - P HYLA PhylaCharacteristicsExamples gymnosperms produce seeds (structure that contains an embryo, food supply and protective coating) through the pollination of eggs cells pollination occurs when the pollen (male reproductive cell) from the male cone is release and lands on the female cone to fertilize the egg (female reproductive cell) produce wood tissue have needle and scale-like leaves can survive in very cold and very warm temperatures do not need a lot of water can survive in acidic soil pine trees spruce trees cedars ginkgoes angiosperms produce seeds (structure that contains an embryo, food supply and protective coating) through the pollination of eggs cells pollination occurs in the flower ovaries mature into fruit lots of variety in size, shape and conditions needed for survival more delicate than gymnosperms higher soil nutrient content and moisture needed maple trees roses tomatoes water lilies

P LANTS - P HYLA

A NIMALS – S TRUCTURE made up of eukaryotic cells most complex organisms most are mobile contain body cavities (coelom) and specialized feeding cells have many specialize types of cells contain germ layers during embryonic development most animals have three germ layers ectoderm – outside layer of cells – skin and nervous tissues endoderm – inside layer of cells – digestive and respiratory systems mesoderm – middle layer of cells – circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular tissues

A NIMALS – M ETABOLISM & R EPRODUCTION Metabolism all animals are heterotrophic digestive systems vary dramatically from very simple tubes to complex systems with many organs Reproduction reproductive systems vary dramatically asexual reproduction fragmentation hermaphrodites sexual reproduction external fertilization internal fertilization

A NIMAL P HYLA radial symmetry bodies of animals are arranged around a central axis jellyfish anemone bilateral symmetry bodies of animals have a left and right side that are mirror images of each other humans sharks birds protostomes mouth forms before the anus in embryonic development insects clams deuterostomes anus forms before the mouth in embryonic development humans star fish

A NIMALS – C LASSES and sting ray