1. The Classification of Plants
Plant Diversity
The Classification of Plants

2. What do I know about plants?
Warm-up: Write each Question and Answer for Each.
What do I know about plants?
True or False
All plants perform photosynthesis.
All plants need water and nutrients.
All plants reproduce using flowers.
All plants reproduce using seeds.

3. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
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PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Multicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts.
Non-mobile (fixed to one spot)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

4. Some Plant “Adaptations”
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Some Plant “Adaptations”
Have body parts extending into both air and soil.
Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant.
Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out.
Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out.

5. Plants are classified based on whether or not they have:
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Plants are classified based on whether or not they have:
Vascular System (transport)
Seeds
Flowers (enclosed seeds)

6. Plants Has NO Vascular Tissue Has Vascular Tissue Bryophytes
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Concept Map: Plants are divided 1st by whether or not they have a vascular system.
Plants
Has NO Vascular Tissue
Has Vascular Tissue
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes

7. Bryophytes-NONVASCULAR
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The most “primitive” plants
Found in moist, shady areas
3. Small size due to no vascular tissue
4. NO true roots, stems, or leaves
5. Needs water for reproduction.
6. Reproduces using spores, -a waterproof single cell that can grow into a new organism.
7. Most common example: Mosses

8. Typical Moss Plant (most common bryophyte)
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Spores form inside the capsule.

9. Tracheophytes -Vascular Plants-
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Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant:
Xylem- transports water up from the roots.
Phloem- transports food made during photosynthesis and nutrients to where they are needed in the plant. Phloem- “flow down”.
Presence of a vascular system allows plants to become tall.
Has specialized organs: True roots, stems, and leaves.

10. Tracheophytes Seeds No seeds Ferns use spores
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Tracheophytes are divided into two groups by whether or not they reproduce with seeds.
Tracheophytes
Seeds
No seeds
Ferns use spores

11. There are 11,000 species of ferns.
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The Fern - a seedless vascular plant
They grow in moist, shady habitats.
Has underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds.
Reproduce using spores, not seeds.
There are 11,000 species of ferns.

12. Seed-Bearing Tracheophytes
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ADVANTAGE: Developed reproductive strategies that do not need water:
Seed contains
A fully developed embryo
Food supply for embryo
A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out
Sperm transferred in waterproof pollen through pollination by wind or animals.
Has seed-bearing structures: Cones or Flowers

13. Tracheophytes Seeded Seedless
The two Seeded Tracheophyte groups are divided by whether or not they have enclosed seeds -protected inside a fruit or if seeds are exposed to the environment.
Tracheophytes
Seeded
Seedless
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Ferns use spores
“naked” or exposed seeds
Flowers produce fruit w/ enclosed seeds

14. Gymnosperms- “naked seed”
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Cycad (Sago palm),
Ginkgo,
Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees)
Sago Palm
Ginkgo
Spruce

15. Gymnosperms-Conifers
Sequoia
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Gymnosperms-Conifers
Most common gymnosperms are Conifers
Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevent freezing.
Juniper
Pine

16. Conifer Reproduction
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Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds.
Pollen is transferred by the wind.
Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open, scattering the seeds by the wind.
Pollen
Seed Cone
Pollen Cone

17. Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds”
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These are flowering plants that encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color, and offering nectar) by pollinators.
Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and bats that transfer pollen from flower to flower.
Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced.
A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

18. Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant.
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Winged fruit – glides to new location (maple fruit)
Floating fruit – can float to new locations (coconut)
Fleshy fruit - sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple)
Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to the fur of animals (cockleburs)
Maple seeds: Winged fruit
Burdock: Spiny fruit

19. Quiz Time
What is the most “primitive” division of plants because they have no vascular system?
What is the most common example in this division and how do they reproduce?
Why are mosses so small?
What is the division of plants that contain a vascular system?
What does a vascular system do for plants size-wise?
How are mosses and ferns different?
How are mosses and ferns alike?

20. Quiz Time How are Tracheophytes different from Bryophytes?
How are Tracheophytes divided?
What are the advantages of seeds over spores?
What other advantages do seed-bearing plants have over spore-bearing plants?
What are the two divisions of the seed-bearing tracheophytes?

21. Quiz Time What does the term Gymnosperm mean?
What are the most common of the Gymnosperms?
What is the importance of needles?
What structures do conifers use to reproduce?
Where are seeds located in the cone?
Even though wind-dispersal of pollen is inefficient, what does it allow plants to overcome?