Southern Democrats John C. Breckenridge Northern Democrats Stephen Douglas Constitutional Union Party John Bell Republican Party Abraham Lincoln

Fearful of Lincoln & Republican rule Effort to defend slavery Believed in success Confederate States of America, 1861 Jefferson Davis, President

Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession (South Carolina), Dec that the north had “assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions.” Lincoln was a man “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.” Experience had proved “that slaveholding states cannot be safe in subjection to non slaveholding states.” ● South Carolina ● Mississippi ● Florida ● Alabama o Montgomery, capital ● Georgia ● Louisiana ● Texas

John J. Crittenden, Kentucky Extend Missouri Compromise to Pacific Ocean Northern Support Southern Opposition Fear of implications Lincoln opposition

“We have just carried an election, on principles fairly stated to the people. Now we are told in advance that the government shall be broken up unless we surrender to those we have beaten, before we take the offices…If we surrender, it is the end of us and the end of government.” - Abraham Lincoln

Charleston, SC on April 12, 1861 Confederate General B. G. T. Beauregard ordered shelling Two days later, the Union Army surrendered

Northern advantages: Twice the population Most of the industrial capacity ¾ of railroads Diversified economy Established army & navy Best fed, best supplied military force

Confederate confidence: Waging defensive war Seasoned generals Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Experience riding horseback and shooting Cotton production History on their side

Anaconda plan Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861

Brunt of fighting in Northern Virginia Opposing capitals of Washington D.C. and Richmond Battle of Antietam Union Army pushes Confederates back Confederates unable to get British support

Preliminary announcement to get south to surrender For African Americans, war was always about liberation January 1, 1863 Abolishes slavery in Confederacy only Changes the nature of the Civil War Union Army an army of liberation

African Americans, 10% of Union Army NYC Draft Riots, 1863 “rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

Served in segregated units Faced discrimination Potential of being enslaved Crucial in Union victory

Federal aid to Colleges and Universities Federal Bank to print currency Homestead Act Transcontinental Railroad High protective tariff

July 1863 Robert E. Lee 25,000 Confederates killed, wounded or MIA Ulysses S. Grant victorious in Mississippi Gettysburg, PA

Strategy of Lincoln & Grant Break the will of the people Destruction of southern property Union soldiers appropriation of property

George McClellan, Democrat Soldiers in the field cast ballots Lincoln victorious

Gideon’s Band, 1862 Vicksburg, MS, 1863 Land of Jefferson Davis Mississippi 13 th Amendment, January 31, 1865

April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant April 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated

Key Terms: Election of 1860, Confederacy, Robert E. Lee, Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, NYC Draft Riots, Battle of Gettysburg, Ulysses S. Grant, Gideon’s Band, 13 th Amendment, Appomattox Courthouse