1-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline *

1-2 Chapter 1 The Human Organism

1-3 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

1-4 Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: Structures examined without a microscope –Regional: Studied area by area –Systemic: Studied system by system –Surface: External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: Structures seen with the microscope –Cytology: Cellular anatomy –Histology: Study of tissues

1-5 Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Consider operations of specific organ systems –Cell physiology: Examines processes in cells –Neurophysiology: Focuses on the nervous system –Pathology –Exercise Physiology

1-6 Structural & Functional Organizations Chemical level –Atoms –Molecules Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level

1-7 Structural & Functional Organizations

1-8 Organ Systems of the Body

1-9 Organ Systems of the Body

1-10 Organ Systems of the Body

1-11 Organ Systems of the Body

1-12 Characteristics of Life Organization: Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions Metabolism: All chemical reactions of the body Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and adjust Growth Development: Changes over time Differentiation: Change from general to specific Morphogenesis: Change in shape of tissues, organs Reproduction: New cells versus organisms

1-13 Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values Set Point: The ideal normal value of a variable –What is the set point for body temperature?

1-14 Negative Feedback

1-15 Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise Deviation from the usual range of values helps meet changing demands

1-16 Positive Feedback Positive Feedback: When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater –Leads away from homeostasis –Can result in death

1-17 Terminology and Body Plan Anatomical Position –Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions –Supine: lying face upward –Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms –Superior versus Inferior –Anterior versus Posterior –Medial versus Lateral –Proximal versus Distal –Superficial versus Deep

1-18 Directional Terms

1-19 Body Parts and Regions

1-20 Body Parts and Regions

1-21 Body Planes Sagittal / Midsagittal / Median Frontal or Coronal Transverse / Cross Oblique: Other than at a right angle

1-22 Body Cavities

1-23 Abdominal Subdivisions

1-24 Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line them –Parietal lines cavity walls –Visceral covers organs –Serous fluid secreted for lubrication by membranes Named for their specific cavity & organs –Pericardium refers to heart –Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity –Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity Inflammation of the serous membranes

1-25 Serous Membranes

1-26 Serous Membranes

1-27 Clinical Focus Medical Imaging - Clinical Focus X-Ray or radiograph is shadowy negative of internal body structures CT or computed tomography is refined version of an x-ray and slices body DSR or dynamic spatial reconstruction is three dimensional imaging and allows movement DSA or Digital Subtraction Angiography is comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used often in blood vessel studies. Sonography or ultrasound is inexpensive and safer than ionizing radiation MRI or magnetic resonance imaging produces high-contrast imaging of soft tissues PET or Positron emission tomographic scan is used to study active cells