1. The Language of Anatomy
ORIENTATION
The Language of Anatomy

12. Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts
Gross / Macroscopic
-Regional
-Systemic
Microscopic
-Cytology- anatomy of cells
-Histology- anatomy of tissues

13. Physiology- study of the function of the structural parts
Operations of organ systems and between cells
involves chemistry and physics
chemical concentrations, electrical currents, pressures and movements

14. The Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure-
“Form follows Function”

15. Structural Organization- levels
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

17. Functions of Life Maintain Boundaries Movement Response to Stimuli
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

18. To Maintain Life: Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure

19. Homeostasis
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition as external conditions change

20. Homeostasis is controlled primarily by the Endocrine and Nervous systems
Stimuli --> Receptor
--> Afferent Pathway
--> Control Center
-->Efferent Pathway
--> Effector

21. Feedback Control Negative Feedback -effector turns stimuli off
Positive Feedback
-effector makes stimuli stronger

23. Anatomical Position
Body erect, limbs extended
palms facing forward
feet together

24. Surfaces of Body
Front = anterior or ventral surface
Back = posterior or dorsal surface
Side = lateral surface

25. Planes (Cuts / Sections)
Sagittal
Mid Sagittal-plane divides body into equal right and left halves
Parasagittal-plane parallel to mid- sagittal plane (unequal halves)

27. Transverse / Horizontal
Divides body into upper and lower parts,
superior and inferior
same as horizontal

29. Frontal (Coronal)
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

31. POSITION Lateral = toward side Medial = toward mid-line
Superior = above (towards head)
Inferior = below (towards tail)

33. Proximal = near beginning of limb
Distal = near end of limb
Superficial = near surface
Deep = deep to surface

34. Cavities
Lined by membranes
Membrane against cavity wall = parietal
Membrane against organ = visceral

35. Dorsal Cavity
Cranial
Spinal (vertebral)

36. Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity: -Pericardial -Pleural
Abdominopelvic Cavity:
-Abdominal
-Pelvic

38. Quadrants Upper Right Upper Left Lower Right Lower Left
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants (4)
Upper Right Upper Left
Lower Right Lower Left

40. Regions

42. Radiography X-Rays- short electromagnetic waves
Dense structures absorb x-rays = light
Fat, Hollow, areas absorb less = dark

44. Radiography CT- computerized tomography
-forms a dime thin transverse section
-eliminates images of overlapping structures

46. Radiography DSR- dynamic spatial reconstruction -3-D image
-shows organ movement and volume (ex: heart)
DSA- digital subtraction angiography-used to ID blockages (blood clots)
-also called angiography

47. Radiography PET- Positron Emission Topography
-tagged molecules are absorbed by the most active brain cells
-gives a live action picture of brain activity
-used for strokes, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s Huntington’s

48. Normal vs. Patient with Parkinson’s

50. Sonography Ultrasound- uses sound waves, echo
-little value at examining air filled structures
-safe, cheap

53. Magnetic Resonance Images
Subjects the body to magnetic fields up to 60,000X stronger than the earth’s magnetic field (can be dangerous)
Makes H2 molecules spin, enhancing their energy
translates into a high contrast image of soft tissue

54. MRI Good for soft tissue (the most H2O)
can see difference between fatty white matter and gray matter (brain)
can see nerves in spinal cord
dense skull does not appear
detects tumors and degenerative diseases

55. MRI of cervical spine (neck)-herniated disc