The French Revolution & Napoleon Chapter 18

Three Estates (Old/Ancien Regime) Third Estate Peasants City Workers Bourgeoisie 98% of Tax Burden Second Estate Nobles Held high offices in government and army First Estate Higher Clergy Lower Clergy

France’s Slide into Chaos Social inequality Economic Troubles –Deficit Spending leads to National Debt –Jacques Necker’s Plan First and Second Estates refuse taxes Estates General is called

Crisis and Revolt Estates-General – an assembly for all of France Issue of Voting causes problems Members of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly Tennis Court Oath

Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 Victory saves the National Assembly Bastille Day (Independence Day)

Section 2: The French Revolution Unfolds Moderate Phase – National Assembly ( ) Radical Phase – Reign of Terror ( ) Democratic Phase – The Directory ( )

Political Crisis Leads to Revolt –Great Fear Many flee France – Émigrés The National Assembly Acts –The Declaration of the Rights of Man –Female Activism Olympe de Gouges – Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Mary Wollstonecraft - Vindication of the Rights of Woman Women March on Versailles

National Assembly Presses Onward –Civil Constitution of the Clergy –Constitution of 1791 Limited Monarchy, Legislative Assembly –The Royal Family attempts to flee Louis is recognized, escorted back to Paris –Fear Spreads to other Monarchies The Rise of Radicals –What are Radicals, and what did they want? –The Jacobins push the Revolution in a new direction –National Assembly declares war on Tyranny Austria, Prussia, Britain

Section 3: Radical Days of the Revolution The Monarchy is Abolished –Radicals take control of the National Assembly Suffrage granted to all male citizens –Radicals form the National Convention to take the place of the National Assembly –Convention votes to execute Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Both beheaded in front of large crowds

Terror and Danger Grip France Nation at war with much of Europe Committee of Public Safety –Maximilien Robespierre Reign of Terror ( ) –Between 17,000 and 40,000 killed –Guillotine become symbol of terror Convention turns on the Committee of Public Safety –Robespierre arrested and executed

Revolution Enters its Third Stage New Constitution passed in 1795 –The Directory Established –5 elected officials sit atop the two-house legislature The Directory proves to be ineffective and corrupt –Many turn to great leaders – Napoleon Bonaparte Impact of the Revolution Great Political and Social Change The Spread of Nationalism Need for Further Reforms

Section 4 The Age of Napoleon

Napoleon Early Career Born 1769 Led French Revolutionary forces 1793 Drove British forces out of Toulon 1796 – fighting Austrians in Italy 1798 – invaded Egypt The Consulate Napoleon helps overthrow the Directory in 1799 Establishes Consulate, new constitution

Napoleon’s Rule over France Napoleon crowns himself Emperor –Symbolism Napoleon’s reforms –Controlled prices, lowered inflation –Encouraged new industry –Built roads and canals –Made peace with the Catholic Church –Concordat of 1801 –Napoleonic Code

Napoleon Builds and Empire Napoleonic Wars ( ) –Napoleon Annexes: Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany –Others for political alliances with Napoleon Joseph Bonaparte –Attempt to defeat Britain Continental System Britain’s Navy defeats the Continental System

Invasion of Russia The Grand Army invades Russia, 1812 Russians use scorched- earth tactics Russian Winter destroys the Grand Army Only 20,000 of the 600,000 return

Downfall and Defeat of Napoleon Quadruple Alliance is formed against France –Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain Napoleon Abdicates, Louis XVIII restored Napoleon returns to heroes welcome in 1815 British and Prussian forces attack and defeat Napoleon at Waterloo –Battle of Waterloo – Napoleon’s Last Stand Napoleon exiled to St. Helena –Dies in 1821 Congress of Vienna formed –Legitimacy –Concert of Europe