1. CHAPTER 18 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places
Ancien Regime
Estate
Bourgeoisie
Deficit Spending
Louis XVI
Jacques Necker
Estates-General
Cahiers
Tennis Court Oath
Bastille

2. Ancien Regime – Old order; system of government in pre-revolution France.
Estate – Social class
Bourgeoisie – The middle class.
Deficit Spending – Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in.
Louis XVI – Social inequalities, economic troubles, inspiring enlightenment ideas led to the French Revolution under his rule.
Jacques Necker – Financial expert and advisor to Louis XVI.

3. Estates-General – Legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in prerevolutionary France.
Cahiers – Notebook used during the French Revolution to record grievances.
Tennis Court Oath – Famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France.
Bastille – Fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789.

4. CHAPTER 18 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places
Faction
Marquis de Lafayette
Olympe de Gouges
Marie Antoinette
Émigré
Sans-culotte
Republic
Jacobins

5. Faction – Dissenting group of people.
Marquis de Lafayette – An aristocrat “hero of 2 worlds” who fought along side George Washington in the American Revolution. He headed the national guard, a largely middle class militia, organized in the response to the arrival of royal troops in Paris.
Olympe de Gouges – A journalist who demanded equal rights in her declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen.
Marie Antoinette – Austrian born queen (daughter of Maria Theresa and brother of Joseph II) lived a life of great pleasure and extravagance. This led to further public unrest.
Émigré – Person who flees his or her country for political reasons.

6. Sans-culotte – Working-class man or woman who made the French Revolution more radical; called such because he or she wore long trousers instead of the fancy knee breeches that the upper class wore.
Republic – System of government in which officials are chosen by the people.
Jacobins – Member of a radical political club during the French Revolution.

7. CHAPTER 18 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places
Suffrage
Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Guillotine
Napoleon
Nationalism
Marseilles

8. Suffrage – Right to vote.
Robespierre –Shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the committee of public safety. Among Jacobins, his selfless dedication to the revolution earned him the nickname “the incorruptible”, his enemies called him a tyrant. He was the chief architect of the Reign of Terror.
Reign of Terror – Time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed.
Guillotine – Device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading.

9. Napoleon – Popular military hero who had a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy. Politicians planned to use him to advance their own goals. To their dismay, however, before long Napoleon would outwit them all to become the ruler of France.
Nationalism – A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.
Marseilles – French port city; troops marched to a patriotic song as they marched from this city, the song eventually became the French national anthem.

10. CHAPTER 18 Section 4 Terms, People, and Places
Plebiscite
Napoleonic Code
Annex
Continental System
Guerrilla Warfare
Scorched-earth Policy
Abdicate
Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy
Concert of Europe

11. Plebiscite – Ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue.
Napoleonic Code – Body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as model for many nations’ civil codes.
Annex – Add a territory to an existing state of country.
Continental System – Blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful.

12. Guerrilla Warfare – Fighting carried on through hit- and-run raids.
Scorched-earth Policy – Military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy.
Abdicate – To give up or step down from power.
Congress of Vienna – Assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together; met from September 1814 to June 1815.

13. Legitimacy – Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored.
Concert of Europe – A system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance.