Scientific English By the end of this course you will be able to:  - use scientific language and style (English and not only!);  - make intriguing titles to articles and papers;  - write an abstract;  - structure the article and make the list of references;  - become a successful presenter.

Scientific Language. Word Order by Natalia Zakharchuk, PhD, Associate Professor

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Scientific language iscomplicated, dry, explanatory, impersonal, formal, abstract formal, abstract and qualified must be interesting and simple enough for understanding

The (unwritten) norms of the scientific writing  Do not belittle others' work without justification.  Do not glorify your own work without justification.  Do not underestimate your readers. (e.g. oversimplification)  Do not present other people's findings as your own. (Plagiarism)  Refer to and quote other people's studies. (Know your field!)

Your work must have:  legibility, understandability and memorability  unambiguity  fluency  clarity  freshness, durability  sparking interest  dialogue with the reader

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Why is word order important?  He said, “I love you.” (Nice thought.)  Only he said, “I love you.” (No one else said it.)  He only said, “I love you.” (He said nothing else.)  He said, “Only I love you.” (No one else does.)  He said, “I love only you.” (He doesn’t love any one else.)  He said, “I love you only.” (His love is exclusive.)

White and black good in Hindi, Italian or Spanish speaker strange in English, Chinese, Hungarian, Polish or Tamil friends and I

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

SVOI word order the Subject comes before the Verb, which comes before the Object and Indirect Object.

 The researchers sent their manuscript to the journal.  Last week the researchers sent their manuscript to the journal for the second time.  The researchers last week sent for the second time to the journal their manuscript.

Time Subject Verb Object Place/Manner Time Time Subject Verb Object Place/Manner Time Silicon cunducts electricity. Silicon cunducts electricity. Silicon cunducts electricity in an unusual way. Silicon cunducts electricity in an unusual way. Silicon cunducts electricity in an unusual way sometimes Silicon cunducts electricity in an unusual way sometimes Sometimes silicon cunducts electricity in an unusual way. way.

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Simple sentences Einstein's general theory of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.

Compound sentences In sphygmomanometers, too narrow a cuff can result in erroneously high readings, and too wide a cuff can result in erroneously low readings (and, or, nor, but, yet, for, whereas)

Complex sentences Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy users of caffeine say the substance relaxes them. although, since, because, when, while, if, as if, etc.

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Commas save lives  “Let’s eat, Grandma.”  “Let’s eat Grandma.”  Some people enjoy cooking, their families, and their dogs.  Some people enjoy cooking their families and their dogs.

 "A woman without her man is nothing"  "A woman, without her man, is nothing"  "A woman: without her, man is nothing"

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Rules to remember: 1. Choose the most relevant subject and put it at the beginning of the sentence e.g. X was done by Y. Y did X.

Rules to remember: 2. Focus on the areas of a sentence that come immediately before and after a full stop. 2. Focus on the areas of a sentence that come immediately before and after a full stop.

S8. Particularly interesting for researchers in physics is the new feature, named X, for calculating velocity. S9. Physics now has a new feature, named X, for calculating velocity. S10. Velocity can now be calculated with a new feature, named X, which is particularly interesting for physicists. S11. X is a new feature for calculating velocity. It is particularly interesting for physicists.

Rules to remember: 3. Don't use a pronoun (it, they) before you introduce the noun. Don't make the impersonal it the subject of the sentence

S12. It is probable that this is due to poor performance. S13. It is possible do this with the new system. S14. It is mandatory to use the new version. S12A. This may / might / could be due to poor performance. S13A. This can be done with the new system. S14A. The new version must be used.

Rules to remember: 4.Choose the subject that will give the shortest sentence   S15. The most significant values are highlighted in Table 1.   S16. Table 1 highlights the most significant values.

Rules to remember: 5. Put the subject before the verb  In the survey participated 350 subjects.  Were used several different methods in the experiments.  With these values are associated a series of measurements.

Rules to remember: 6. Keep the subject and verb as close as possible to each other 7. Don't separate the verb from its direct object

Rules to remember: 8. How to choose where to locate an adverb most one-word adverbs, particularly adverbs of frequency  (a) Immediately before the main verb. S24. Dying neurons do not usually exhibit these biochemical changes.  (b) Immediately before the second auxiliary when there are two auxiliaries. S25. Late complications may not always have been notified.  (c) After the present and past tenses of 'to be' S26. The answer of the machine is always correct.  The adverbs only and also, follow the above rules (a-c).

at the beginning of a sentence sometimes, occasionally, often, normally, however, nevertheless, in contrast, firstly, secondly, finally, since, although, despite the fact, etc. before the negation (not) probably, certainly, definitely adverbs of time These go in various positions

Rules to remember: 9. Put adjectives before the noun they describe, or use a relative clause e.g. This is an interesting paper. This paper is particularly interesting for PhD students. This is a paper that is particularly interesting for PhD students.

Rules to remember: 10. Avoid creating strings of nouns e.g. Not art state technology, but state-of-the-art technology; not mass destruction weapons, but weapons of mass destruction

Rules to remember: 11. Ensure there is no ambiguity in the order of the words e.g.  Professors like annoying students.  Professors like to annoy their students.  Professors like students who are annoying.

 Plan  1. Scientific language and style  2. Why is word order important?  3. SVOI word order  4. Word order in different sentences  5. Commas save lives  6. Rules to remember

Scientific Language. Word Order by Natalia Zakharchuk, PhD, Associate Professor Thank you for attention