1. Created by: Ms. Brinson 
Adjective, Adverb, & Noun Clauses Why are they important? They enhance writing; thus, it’s not so choppy. They allow for better fluency when reading; hence, better comprehension, and they break the monotony of simple sentences.
Created by: Ms. Brinson 

2. ALL complex and compound-complex sentences have subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses are a group of words that have a subject (noun/pronoun) AND predicate (verb) but does not convey a complete thought.
ALL complex and compound-complex sentences have subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses have specific names, thus they have specific functions. Basically, a subordinate clause will always be a subordinate clause, but we will be naming the subordinate clause as either adjective clause, adverb clause, or noun clause.
Example: People are human beings, just like subordinate clauses are groups of words, and just as people are male or female, subordinate clauses are adjective clause, adverb clause, or noun clauses.

3. Sentence examples:
1. The desert is a place where most animals are not able to work.
2. Since I lost my lunch money, I can’t eat today.
3. Where many kids play is a place where pedophiles will linger.

4. How do you know if you have the complete adjective clause
If the clause is inside of a set of commas, that will be the completed clause.
Include prepositional phrases in the completed clause
Stop the clause at the main verb of the sentence
Stop the clause right before a comma, UNLESS it a series. Ex, dog, cat, mouse, etc.
THESE ARE NOT ABSOLUTE, BUT ARE A GREAT GUIDE TO FOLLOW

5. Adjective Clauses
Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses.
There are 9 relative pronouns, but 7 are quite common.
Most common Relative Pronouns:
who, whom, which, whomever, whose, what, that
-WHEN and WHERE can also be relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses BUT are most often subordinators- IT DEPENDS ON WHAT IT IS REFERRING TO.-
If you take the adjective clause out of your sentence, your sentence will still be left with a main clause.
Examples: 1. Allison likes pathways where she can see
other people in case of an emergency.
Where can she see other people in an emergency?
2. Many people are often found where they should not be.
Where should they not be? – Q can’t be answered!
What happens when people are where they should not be?

6. An adjective clause describes/modifies a noun
or pronoun.
Modifies - means it refers to.
Just as an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun,
an adjective clause acts in the same way, except it is a
group of words acting as an adjective would!
Example: 1. Thunderstorms, which are often quite
unpredictable, seem to arise when the weather
forecast least expects them.
What is often quite unpredictable? __________________
Yep, thunderstorms is the noun that the underlined
adjective clause modifies.

7. REMEMBER ALL sentences that have an adjective clause will be..
Complex = mc + sc OR
Compound-Complex = mc + mc + sc
How do we know this?
An adjective clause names a specific subordinate clause (SC)

8. (a) The man who looked pale was very sick.
Adjective Clause Practice Read each sentence, pick out the complete adjective clause, CIRCLE the relative pronoun and write out the noun or pronoun that your adjective clause modifies.
(a) The man who looked pale was very sick.
(b) He was sitting in the emergency room that was very crowded.
(c) The woman who you called will be here soon.
(d) He lived in chambers which had once belonged to his deceased partner.

9. Adverb Clauses …quite similar to adjective clauses, EXCEPT they modify/refer to a verb or verb phrase
Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinators.
There are 16 subordinators and you can find them on pg 507 in your Writer’s Choice book.
Very common subordinators are: although, because, until, before, since, whenever, & after
When a subordinator/ adverb clause starts a sentence, the clause is ALWAYS followed by a comma- (as in this sentence )

10. How do you know what is the completed Adverb Clause
How do you know what is the completed Adverb Clause? -It’s the same as the Adjective Clauses-
If the clause is inside of a set of commas, that will be the completed clause.
Include prepositional phrases in the completed clause
Stop the clause at the main verb of the sentence
Stop the clause right before a comma, UNLESS it a series. Ex, dog, cat, mouse, etc.
Lastly, IF you take the Adverb Clause out of the sentence, the sentence will be left with a main clause.

11. (a) If the clause is inside of a set of commas, that will be the
completed clause.
Example: I don’t know what I would have done, if the police
didn’t show up, with the flat tire I got on I-75 south.
(b) Include prepositional phrases in the completed clause.
Example: Many people don’t know how to cook well,
since they can buy meals in various types of stores
(c) Stop the clause right before a comma, UNLESS it a series.
Ex, dog, cat, mouse, etc.
Example: Mom said I could not have dessert
because I did not eat my broccoli, corn, or mashed potatoes.

12. Remember this!
Direct Object – who or what receives the action of the verb (verb must be an action verb)
Ex. She kicked the ball hard.
∙ Indirect Object – to whom or for what the action was done (verb must be an action verb)
Ex. Her mother gave her a gift card to the mall.
Object of the Preposition – the noun or pronoun that the preposition refers to.
Ex. She ran down the hill and almost fell.

13. Noun Clauses Noun clause - a subordinate clause used as a noun
Subordinate clause – has a subj/predicate but does NOT convey a complete thought.
A noun clause acts just like a one word noun, thus it can be the subject of your sentence, the direct object, the indirect object, the predicate noun, OR the object of the preposition.

14. Words that introduce noun clauses
Noun clauses can be introduced by words that are also called subordinators AND relative pronouns (this can get tricky)
Words in green- introduce noun clauses ONLY
Words in blue – introduce noun & adj clauses
Words in black – introduce noun & adv clauses
How, however, if, that, what, whatever, when,
where, whether, which, whichever, who, whom,
whoever, whomever, whose, & why

15. Determining the function of your noun clause
The key to determining if a clause is a noun clause is to first learn and be able to recognize when you see a word that introduces a noun clause
Secondly, find out where the clause is located in your sentence.
If the clause comes right after a preposition, then it is a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition.
If it comes at the beginning of the sentence AND before the acting verb of the sentence is the subject of the sentence.

16. Noun clause functions continued…
If the clause comes after the main action verb in the sentence it will be direct object or indirect object.
Lastly, discovering if a clause is predicate noun or not is the most difficult. The key is to rule out the other possibilities for noun clauses and if the main verb in the sentence is a linking verb, then the noun clause is probably acting as a predicate noun. – Be sure to check and make sure it refers back to the subject.