Thirty Years War. Europe in the 1500’s Idea of a “Universal Religion” Holy Roman Empire Founded 800 AD Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” Intended to.

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Presentation transcript:

Thirty Years War

Europe in the 1500’s

Idea of a “Universal Religion” Holy Roman Empire Founded 800 AD Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” Intended to be “Universal Christian Empire”

Charles V Holy Roman Emperor King of Spain

Problems Martin Luther ( ) Preached beliefs against Catholic Church Catholic Church: Good deeds=salvation Martin Luther: God’s Mercy=salvation

Peasant’s War Attempt to tie Protestant Reformation with social reformation Certain states revolted, became Protestant

Four Phases of War: 1. Bohemian Period 2. Danish 3. Swedish Period (Treaty of Prague) 4. French Period (Peace of Westphalia

Bohemian Period ( ) Ferdinand of Styria elected Ferdinand II of Holy Roman Empire – Huge supporter of Catholic cause Elected own Emperor: Frederick V Defenestration of Prague: Calvinist rebels threw Bohemian royal council out of a window

Catholics vs. Protestants Catholic League: alliance of German Catholic Principalities (south Germany) Sided with Ferdinand II Protestant Union: alliance of German Protestant principalities (northern Germany) Sided with Frederick V

End of Bohemian Period Catholic and Habsburg victory

Danish Period ( ) Christian IV: Lutheran king of Denmark – Duke of Holstein, member of HRE Supported Frederick Sent army against imperial forces

Catholic Response Ferdinand enlisted help of Albrecht von Wallenstein Military genius

Treaty of Lubeck (1629) Christian IV got to keep Denmark In return, was not allowed to support the Protestant German states

Edict of Restitution Ferdinand repossessed Protestant territories belonging to Catholic Church

Swedish Period ( ) Led by King Gustavus Adolphus II France and Sweden sign alliance Catholic France and Protestant Sweden vs. Catholic HRE Battle of Lutzen: Swedes win, but Adolphus dies Sweden loses every battle since Wallenstein assassinated later

Treaty of Prague Delay of Edict of Restitution by 40 years – Strengthened Hapsburgs further Did not satisfy France

French Period ( ) France declared war on Spain in May 1635 Holy Roman Empire in August 1636 Ferdinand II dies in 1637 Cardinal Richelieu dies in 1642 Louis XIII dies in 1643

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) End of Thirty Years War

Absolute Sovereignty Sovereignty: Jean Bodin believed that sovereign power consisted of: – the authority to make laws, – tax, – administer justice, – control the state's administrative system – determine foreign policy.

Divine Right of Kings Kings received their power from God, so therefore their power was absolute Responsible to no one except God

Cardinal Richelieu Stripped the autonomy of several towns – Mostly Protestant towns in France (Huguenots) who rebelled against crown Divided France into 30 administrative (bureaucracy) Districts instead of nobles to run country

King Louis XIV Versailles Forced all nobles to come to the court Bogged down in custom, the nobles could not think of rebellion

England and Constitutionalism France’s kings getting more powerful, England’s kings gradually less powerful

England was different…. Magna Carta- kings were held subject to the law Parliament: gradually transformed from advisory council to legislature of England

Henry VIII Broke from Rome Began Church of England (still held most practices of Catholicism) Elements in England wanted to change England to make more Protestant

Elizabeth I Made England more Protestant Had no children

James Stuart (James I) King of Scotland (James VI) Tried to make England Absolute Monarchy Struggled with Parliament

Charles I Son of James Married daughter of King of France (Catholic) Tried to unite England and Scotland – One king, one faith Scotland revolts, invades England Charles forced to call Parliament

English Civil War King vs. Parliament Parliament Wins Charles I tried and executed

Commonwealth Period ( ) Oliver Cromwell Protestant fundamentalist dictatorship Shakespeare’s theatre (Globe) burned down Cromwell dies 1658

Restoration ( ) Charles II ( )- son of Charles I invited to be king – Possibly Catholic, but didn’t show it

James II ( ) Catholic Wanted to make England Catholic again Regain Absolute Monarchy

Glorious Revolution King William and Mary of Orange (Netherlands) Overthrew her father Became new king and queen of England Parliament forced them to sign “English Bill of Rights” – Expanded rights of landed gentry from Magna Carta – Limited power of king – Constitutional Monarchy – John Locke’s “Second Treatise on Government” (1690)

Russia Czars- Russian Emperors – Actually were absolute rulers – In exchange for absolute rule, nobles given complete control over peasants – Law Code of 1649: established serfdom Peter the Great ( ) – Made Russia into modern European state – Consolidated Czar power

Baroque Style Emphasis on Grandeur and Drama Usually focused on Religious themes

Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

Calling of St. Matthew by Carvaggio

Versailles