1. The Age of Absolutism
Chapter 17

2. Spain First European Empire Made powerful by Ferdinand and Isabella
United by the Catholic Church

3. Charles V of Spain Grandson of Ferdinand & Isabella
Heir to the Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire)
Had absolute power from
Gave up his power over the Hapsburg region to his brother and Spain to his son

4. Phillip II of Spain Son of Charles V Ruled for 42 years (1556-1598)
Reigned with absolute power over Spain
Devout Catholic
Persecuted many non-Catholics
Led the Inquisition against Protestants

5. Spanish Power Spanish monarchs waged war against all Protestants
Spanish attempts to invade England and the armada (fleet of ships) was defeated by the English
Power was lost after Phillip II from a poor economy and poor leaders

6. France
Torn between the Catholics and the Huguenots (French Protestants)
Aug. 24, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: 3,000 Protestants were killed by a Catholic revolt
1589: Henry IV establishes an absolute monarchy in France
1598: King Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes (religious toleration for Huguenots)

7. Louis XIII & Richelieu
1610 – 9 yr old Louis XIII becomes absolute ruler of France
1624 – Louis appoints Cardinal Richelieu to be chief minister
Richelieu helps Louis solidify power

8. Louis XIV
1643 – King at age 5
The country is ruled by his mother (a Hapsburg) and other leaders
1661 – takes absolute control believed to be his divine right

9. Louis XIV Expels all Huguenots Built an elaborate palace at Versailles
Created a society that replaced the Renaissance

10. Louis XIV
Tried to unite Spain and France when his grandson (Philip V) became King of Spain
After war with England, France signed the Treaty Utrecht promising not to unite Spain & France
Reigned for 72 year
The throne went to his great-grandson Louis XV

11. England Not an absolute monarchy
English monarchs worked with Parliament
The Tudor dynasty consulted and controlled Parliament until Elizabeth died with no heir
Tudor monarchs: Henry VIII & Elizabeth I
Stuart dynasty clashed with Parliament

12. Stuarts James I attempted to gain absolute power
He clashed with Parliament, military leaders, and religious leaders like the Puritans
Charles I (James’ son) ruled the same way
1628 – The English economy failed and Charles asked Parliament for help
They forced him to sign the Petition of Right
Gives the power to tax to Parliament

13. Civil War
Caused by Parliaments revolt against the King & the King’s attempt to arrest members of Parliament
Battle between King’s supporters (Cavaliers) & Parliament supporters (Roundheads)
Charles I was captured and executed

14. The Commonwealth
1653 – Oliver Cromwell named Lord Protector of England (absolute power)
Puritanism rakes over Parliament
Established strict social laws
Encouraged education
1658 – Cromwell dies and Puritans loose power
1660 – Charles II takes absolute control of the throne and ends the Commonwealth

15. The new monarchy
1685 – Charles dies and his brother James II becomes king
1688 – James II is removed because of his ties to Catholicism
1688 – James’ daughter Mary and husband William become rulers (known as the Glorious Revolution because there is no bloodshed)
1689 – William & Mary sign the Bill of Rights

16. English Bill of Rights Grants absolute control to the Parliament
Bans any Roman Catholic from being monarch
Abolishes any unjust taxes or punishments
Gives establishes a limited monarchy

17. German states Controlled by the Holy Roman Empire Split by religion
Protestants of the North & Catholics in the South
Disputes over the monarchy and religion caused the Thirty Years War

18. Thirty Years War
1618 – Ferdinand of Bohemia suppresses the Protestants
Rebels throw two nobles out a window in protest causing a revolt
1619 – Many Catholics countries send aid to Ferdinand & Protestant countries send aid to the rebels

19. Thirty Years War War caused many towns and countries to collapse
1648 – A series of treaties was reached called the Peace at Westphalia
It ended the Holy Roman Empire power

20. Austria Hapsburgs controlled the Austrian Empire that included:
Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, & Italy
1700s – Controlled by Hapsburg empress Maria Theresa
Strengthened the power and wealth of Austria
Had 11 children that would become powerful European leaders

21. Prussia A powerful Protestant state controlled by the Hohenzollerns
Ex: Frederick I created a strong military
Frederick II tried to control Austria but failed
1750 – The major powers of Europe began to form alliances to maintain a balance of power in Europe

22. Russia Not affected by the Renaissance or the Reformation
1600s – Chaos and disorder reigned
1689 – Peter Mikhailov becomes Czar Peter of Russia at the age of 10

23. Peter the Great Established an absolute monarchy
Strengthened the military
Expanded the borders
Established the Russian Orthodox Church
Improved education
Improved the economy
Established Russia as one of the greatest powers in Europe

24. Catherine the Great German princess married to Czar Peter III
Became absolute ruler after Peter III was killed
Accomplishments:
Reorganized the government
Brought western ideas to Russia
Expanded Russia borders